Journal of

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Introduction: Fiberoptic techniques have been used for diagnosis and also for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders very largely. Infection is a complication of endoscopy and fiberoptic endoscopy may serve as vehicle for transmission of infection. Methods: Before doing gastroscopy, all parts of the endoscope were disinfected (as normally done in the ward). Then, samples for culture were taken from the device and at the end of the procedure, again samples from all parts of gastroscope (outer surface, internal canal, water – air pump) were taken and cultured in Blood agar and E.M.B media. Microbiology species and colony count as standard protocol were identified and reported. Results: 954 Samples were prepared before and after upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. In samples from outer surface of the device before procedure, culture was negative in 90.6% and positive in 9.4% (15 cases), while in samples from the same region after endoscopy, culture was negative in 32.7% and positive in 67.3%. Staphylococcus epidermis was the most common organism. Before endoscopy, sampling and culture from internal canal of device was reported as 88.7% negative culture and 11.3% positive culture with pseudomonas aeruginosa being the most common organism. After endoscopy, internal canal culture was 52.7% negative and 47.2% positive culture. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common organism. Air – water Canal samples before endoscopy were 51.6% negative and 48.4% positive. Non fermented gram negative bacilli were the most common organisms. After endoscopy, these samples were 22% negative and 78% positive. Non- fermented gram negative bacilli were the most common organisms. Conclusion: The microbial contamination of the air-water canal (78%) and outer surface of the device (67.3%) after endoscopy was due to inadequate cleaning and disinfection after completion of procedures.

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Introduction:Diabetes is a significant and expensive health problem which had influenced all the ages in almost all the countries. Increasing prevalence of this disease has been caused by continued changes in lifestyle such as unsuitable nutrition, lack of physical activities and fatness which is often related to modern city life, mechanization and industrialization. It is an expensive disease, both for patients and the health and hygienic care systems. This research tried to examine the relationship between lifestyle risk factors and type II diabetes. Methods: This research was a case-control type by random sampling and studying140 diabetes type II patients as case group and 140 healthy people accompanying some other patients as the control group at Tonekabon Shahid Rajaei hospital. People were of both sexes, between 30 and 64 years of age and Tonekabon residents. The questionnaire used included demographic, nutritional, physical activities, stress tolerance and smoking status information. The SPSS 11.5 and excel software were used for statistic calculation and for analysis of data, T and Chi-Square tests were applied. Results: By analyzing the data collected, there was a meaningful statistical relationship between physical activities, stress residence, nutrition, smoking and the diabetes type II disease (P-value<0.0001). Also, there was no meaningful statistical relationship between diabetes type II disease and factors such as sex, marital status, economical and social status(P-value>0.05). Conclusion: Results imply that some risk factors important in diabetes type II include unsuitable nutrition such as having too much of sweets and sugar,lack of fruits, vegetables, fish, proteins and also lack of physical activities, stress tolerance and control.

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Introduction: Survivin is a new member of the Inhibitor Apotosis Protein family (IAP) which plays an important role in the regulation of both cell cycle and apoptosis. Its distinct expression in tumor cells as compared to normal adult cells introduces Survivin as the fourth transcriptom demonstrated in tumors. Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women and scientist`s efforts to classify it has lead to various molecular subtypes and controversial results. Because of the high prevalence of these tumors and lack of suitable molecular markers for diagnosis and prognosis, there are ongoing efforts to find molecular markers which can distinguish nontumoral from tumor tissues. In this study we evaluate the potential usefulness of Survivin and its splice variants ΔEx3, 2b and 3b as molecular markers in breast cancer. Methods: We studied 18 tumor and 17 non tumor adjacent tissues. Transcription levels were measured by Semiquantitative Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and normalized by ß2m as an internal control. Results: 1)Survivin and its splice variants Δex3, 2b and 3b showed differentially higher expression levels in tumors than adjacent normal tissues. 2) The expression levels of Survivin, Survivin-ΔEx3 and Survivin-3b were significantly correlated with the type of tumors. 3) Survivin-2b was expressed in a few samples. 4) Survivin-3b was detected only in tumor samples. Also, our results showed that ΔEx3 variant can be introduced as a dominant expressed variant in breast cancer. Conclusion: Our data indicated that the expression of Survivin, Survivin ∆Ex3 and especially, Survivin-3b were correlated with cancerous nature of tumors and Survivin-∆Ex3 was the most common expressed variant in breast carcinomas. These results besides confirming the potential usefulness of Survivin and its splice variants as molecular markers in breast cancer, demonstrated the role of the gene and its splice variants, especially 3b in these lesions that enables distinguishing normal from tumor tissues. Therefore, evaluation of the expression of Survivin and its splice variants might be used as markers to stratify breast cancer patients for more optimal treatment modalities or it could be a promising new target for therapy.

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Introduction: Cyclophosphamide is used as an anti cancer medicine in chemotherapy. This is an alkalizing medicine and causes the binding of DNA strands, breaking of DNA and control of protein synthesis and RNA. The side effects of this medicine include lack of appetite, nausea, reduction in activity of sexual lymph nodes, causing amenorrhea, azoospermia and oligospermia. Ginger includes many compounds, some of which are shogaols, gingerols, pyrogallols and sesquiterpenes. Ginger has anti nauseating, anti cancer, anti oxidant effects and eliminates free radicals. This medicine is used along with cyclophosphamide to reduce its destructive side effects in the body. Methods: For 21 days, the rats were fed with ginger and cyclophosphamide. After 21 days, the animals were weighed and rendered unconscious. Their testes were removed and tissue samples were provided from their testes. Results: The results showed that cyclophosphamide alone reduces body weight, testes weight and spermatogenesis as compared to the control group. In other experimental groups that were fed with ginger and cyclophosphamide, increased dosage of ginger increased the body weight, the testes weight and spermatogenesis in comparison to the other experimental groups. Conclusion: It seems that compounds present in ginger are anti tumoral and control the production of active metabolites. Therefore, if administered together with Cyclophosphamide, it can be useful and effective in patients undergoing chemotherapy.

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Introduction: The effect of Tribulus terrestris (TT) on serum glucose and lipid levels was investigated in an experimental model of diabetes mellitus in rats. Methods: Female Wistar rats were divided into control, TT-treated control, diabetic, glibenclamide-treated, and TT-treated diabetic groups. For induction of diabetes, streptozotcin (STZ) was administered (60 mg/Kg). Meanwhile, TT-treated groups received TT mixed with standard pelleted food at a weight ratio of 6.25% for 6 weeks. Serum glucose and lipid levels were determined before the study and at the 3rd and 4th week after the study. Results: Serum glucose was significantly lower in TT-treated diabetic rats at 3rd and 6th weeks as compared to untreated diabetics (p<0.01 and p<0.005, respectively). In addition, serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL-cholesterol showed a significant reduction in TT-treated diabetic rats as compared to untreated diabetics (p<0.05). On the other hand, HDL-cholesterol level did not change significantly in TT-treated diabetic group as compared to untreated diabetic group. Conclusions: Oral administration of TT has a significant hypoglycemic effect and in long term leads to appropriate changes in serum LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, but does not affect HDL-cholesterol levels in diabetic rats.

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Introduction: Fertility regulation with plant preparations has been reported in ancient literature of indigenous systems of medicine. In this research the effects of alcoholic extract of Achillea millefolium flowers on fertility indices, body weight and weight of reproductive organs was evaluated in male rats. Methods: 18 rats were randomly divided into 3 groups control, group A and group B, each group comprising of six rats. Animals in control group received 1 ml of distilled water(vehicle) and test groups(A and B) received graded doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of alcoholic extract of Achillea millefolium flowers on a daily basis for 50 days. At the end of 50 days of treatment period, fertility indices such as body and reproductive organs weight, sperm motility and count, fertility rate, epididymal sperm reserve(ESR), daily sperm production(DSP), blood testosterone concentration and fertility rate were measured. Results: There was a significant decrease in GSI(Testes weight/body weight ratio), epididymides weight, sperm count, ESR, DSP, blood testosterone concentration and fertility rate in both the lower dose group (0, p<0.05, 0, 0, p<0.05, p<0.05, and 0) and the higher dose group(p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.5, p<0.001, p<0.001 and p<0.05as compared to the control group. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that alcoholic extract of Achillea millefolium flowers in higher doses could decrease fertility in male rats.

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Introduction: Depression is one of the most common mental disorders, which imposes a large burden on the health care system. Due to increasing frequency of depression, present research was performed to evaluate the frequency of depression and its relationship to exercise in women in Yazd. Methods: This was a descriptive study. In this study, 200 women over 20 years old entered the study. One hundred subjects were athletes and100 were non-athletes. They were selected by stratified random sampling. Beck Depression Inventory was used to determine the frequency of depression in women. T-test was used for data analysis. Results: Results showed that the frequency of depression was different between athletic and non-athletic women. Mean depression scores for athletic women were lower than non-athletes. There was a significant difference regarding the frequency of depression between women in individual and team sports. Athletic women with higher duration of exercising showed less depression than other athletes. Conclusion: It can be concluded from the study that exercise in everyday life can be effective in reducing the frequency of depression in women.

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Introduction: For a Long time, anxiety has been an important issue in psychology and different drugs have been applied to treat it. Various studies have demonstrated that the plant Hypericum perforatum has an antidepressant effect. With the industrialization of human societies, pollutants like phenol can be entered in the life cycle that have adverse effects on body organs. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the antianxiety and antidepressant effects of Hypericum Perforarum extract in rats that were exposed to phenol. Methods: In this study, 54 Wistar rats were used in terms of a 3×3 factorial design with 3 levels of Hypericum perforatum extract (0, 250 and 500 mg/kg.bw) and 3 levels of phenol (0, 100 and 200 mg/kg.bw). Rats received the extract and phenol every other day via gavage method for periods of 15 and 30 days, respectively. Thirty min after each gavage, a behavior test was performed by using the open field and elevated plus-maze. Recuperative effects of Hypericum perforatum were assessed within short (first 15 days) and long (second 15 days) periods. Results: The statistic findings indicated that there were no significant differences between behavior tests with respect to the treatments (P> 0.05). Conclusion: The study results proposed that the used levels of Hypericum Perforarum extract did not show any significant effects on reduction of anxious and depressant behaviors in phenol exposed Wistar rats.

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Introduction:Determining the effect of stress on strock in benficial. If there is a relationship between them, using public education can lead to decrease the risk of stroke. This study investigate the effect of stress on cerebrovascular accident. Methods: This study was a prospective case-control, which was performed on the patients with stroke referred to nerve clinical Ghaem Hospital, and the control group were selected among the staff of the university with no history of stroke during winter 2015. The persian translation of questionnaire of Holmes and Rahe stress scale related to the last month was completed among all of the participants in both groups. Diagnosis of stroke and determination of its etiology was made by neurologist. Results: By considering the frequency of serve stress, 361 patients with stroke were investigated and from these 190 patients were in the control group. The relative frequency of stress and stroke and intracerebral homorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage were meaningful(p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.006). There was no significant relationship between the relative frequency of serve stress among the patients with ischemic stroke, cryptogenic infraction, and cardioembolic with atherosclerotic and the control group (p=0.637, p=0.311, p=0.439, p=0.109,). There were a significant relationship between serve stress and atherosclerotic stroke(p=0.026). While, high stress score was significantly more frequent in atherothrombotic subtype of brain infarction than controls, p=0.046. Conclusion: There was a meaningful relationship between stress as an important risk factor in the patients with hemorrhagic stroke and atherothrombotic brain infarction. Based on this research stress could be considered as a risk factor of stroke.

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Mental foramen is located on the anterior aspect of the mandible that permits the terminal branch of the inferior alveolar nerve and blood vessels to exit. The anatomical variations of mental foramen are of considerable importance in local anesthesia, treatment of the fractures in the parasymphysis area, orthognatic surgeries, implant placement, etc. Regarding the importance of mental foramen in dentistry (from local anesthesia to invasive surgical procedures), this study intends to review the anatomical variations of mental foramen in this study. Absence of mental foramen is rare. On the other hand, prevalence of accessory mental foramen has been estimated lower than 15% in the most studies. The position of mental foramen is normally between first and second premolar teeth or under second premolar tooth in different ethnic groups and bilateral symmetry exists in regard with location in most cases. In most studies, the ratio of distance from mental foramen to symphysis to distance from symphysis to posterior border of ramus has been reported about 1/3.5 to 1/3. Mental foramen is oval or circular in shape and its most common direction is usually posterosuperior. Its size in different studies has been estimated about 2 to 5 millimeters and asymmetry in size is possible on both sides of mandible. Due to variations of mental foramen between various ethnic groups and even different individuals in the same ethnic group, using advanced imaging techniques such as CBCT is recommended in order to gain detailed knowledge of anatomy and morphology of mental foramen before applying invasive surgeries.

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Introduction: Infraorbital ethmoid air cells are such anatomical variations may result sinusitis. CT scan is commonly used for imaging infraorbital ethmoid cells but panoramic radiographs often show infraorbital ethmoid cells. This study aim to determaine the prevalence of infraorbital ethmoid cells on panoramic radiographs in cases older than 4 years referred to Dental School of Islamic Azad University Khorasgan Branch.

Methods: In this descriptive and analytical study, 416 panoramic radiographs (235 wemen and 181 men) were examinded for infraobital ethmoid cells and were recorded hallers cell and characteristics of cell in questionnaire form. Data analysis were done by Chi-square test.

Results: Prevalence of infraorbital ethmoid (hallers) cells on panoramic radiographs in the patients older than 4 years referred to Dental School of Islamic Azad University Khorasgan was 17.8% (14.4% for men and 20.4% for wemen). There was satisically significant differences between men and wemen. The most frequency related to the patients who were between 20-29 years old (28.3%) and the least frequent age was between 40-49 years old (13.5%), but there was no satistically significant differences in several ages. There was no relationship between taller’s cells and cell shape. 11 patients (14.9%) with hallers cell had history or symptoms of sinusitis and 4 patients (5.4%) with hallers cell had sinus disorder (retention cyst) in panoramic radiographs.

Conclusions: In this study, the prevalence of infraorbite ethmoid cells on panoramic radiographs was efficient for first diagnosis. Identification of hallers cells on panoramic radiographs can help dental professional to make differential diagnosis of orofcial pain of sinus origin.

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Introduction: Tooth impaction is a common anomaly. Several local and systemic factors may result in tooth impaction. Among the permanent dentition third molar, maxillary canine, maxillary and mandibular premolar and maxillary central incisors have the most probability of impaction. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of impacted teeth in the patients referred to Yazd Dental School in 1392 to 1394.

Methods: In this retrospective study, 600 digital panoramic radiographies of the patients over 15 years old were examined. The patients with dent of axial abnormalities, other syndromes or particular pathology, edentulous and traumatized patients were extracted from the study. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS software (version 22.0 for Windows, Chicago, IL, USA), Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests.

Results: Out of total 600 patients were examined, 99 patients (16.5%) presented with at least one impacted tooth. Mandibular third molars were the most prevalent (52.26 %) impacted teeth, followed by impacted maxillary third molar (27.7%), maxillary canine (13.8%) and mandibular canine (4.86%). The highest prevalence of tooth impaction was seen in 22-30 years age group. There was no statistically significant difference between tooth impaction and gender (p-value=0.91).

Conclusion: Tooth impaction has a relatively high prevalence in Yazd  (16.5%). The highest prevalence of tooth impaction is seen in third molars followed by canine teeth of both jaws. So, in case of delayed eruption of canine teeth, radiographic examination is suggested to evaluation their impaction and applying proper managements.

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Introduction: The identification of people with carotid calcified atheroma is an important measure to reduce the incidence of brain stroke. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of carotid artery atheroma in post-menopausal women in panoramic radiographs.
Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 151 panoramic radiographs from women aged 45 years and above that referred to the Radiology Department of Yazd Dental School during 2016-17, were selected by convenience sampling method. Radiographs were examined by PlanMeca 2002 EC proline panoramic digital machine. In radiographs, the presence or absence of carotid calcified atheroma was investigated and cases with differential diagnosis of atheroma were excluded. Patient's tomography data were recorded in a questionnaire and the collected data were analyzed by SPSS20 software and Chi-square test.
Resultus: In this study, 151 panoramic radiographs evaluated, 69 samples (45.7%) had carotid artery atheroma in radiography, and the largest view 40 samples (26.5%)  were bilaterally.
Conclusion: The more time passes from the menopause of patients,the more they become involved with carotid artery calcification. That means carotid atheroma has a significant relationship with the number of years pass from menopause.

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Introdution: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome has potentially significant physiological and psychological consequences. The main method to control the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is surgical advancement of genioglossus muscle (GA) or genial tubercle (GTA). Therefore, for pre-operation arrangements, surgeons definitely need to know the exact location of genial tubercle and the muscles attached to it. The aim of this study was to evaluate the location and dimensions of genial tubercle in the patients with class I and II occlusion with cone bean computed tomography (CBCT).
Methods:In this descriptive cross-sectional study, cone bean computed tomographyimages of 152 adults (76 males and 76 females) with class I and II occlusion were inspected and the location and dimensions of genial tubercle (Height =GTH / Width=GTW / the distance between the apices of central teeth and the Superior border of genial tubercle=LI-SGT / the distance between the inferior border of genial tubercle and the inferior border of mandible= IGT-IBM / the anterior diameter of mandible = MT) were evaluated. Patients were classified based on their gender and occlusion type.Independent Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were used for data analysis and thedata analyzed using SPSS16 software.
Results:In all the groups, GTH was located near GTW. The measured data for GTH, GTW, LI-SGT, IGT-IBM and MT were 8.6-06 .57 mm, 8.6-19.47 mm, 7.6-13.56 mm, 8.7-47.40 mm, and 14.11-57.78 mm, respectively. No significant difference was indicated for GTW and LI-SGT based on malocclusion and for LI-SGT based on gender (P>0.05).
Conclusion:Various locations and different size of this structure among patients imply that it is necessary for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea to obtain a CBCT image before surgical operation
 

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Introduction: Limits of movement in knees is one of the most common complications following trauma and surgery. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment choices, knee replacement and performance improvement are expected in many patients. However, limits of movement in knees is unpleasant and should be corrected as soon as possible. In this study, we decided to evaluate the results of arthroscopic release in motion limits of knees.
Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study.14 patients who referred to the Shahid Sadoughi Hospital of Yazd from 2014 to 2016 and diagnosed with knee limitation (flexion or extension restriction of more than 10 degrees) were selected.Patients were undergone arthroscopic release and followed-up for 6 months. Lysholm knee score, degrees of flexion and extension, and patient satisfaction were evaluated. The results were analyzed by SPSS-18 and statistical tests Paired T-test as well as Spearman correlation.
Results: The mean age of the patients was 28.92±10.99 years.The most common type of trauma in the patients was femoral distal fracture (46.7%). The frequency of the patients' satisfaction with arthroscopy was as followed: 50% (7 patients), had moderate satisfaction, 28.6% (4 ones), high satisfaction, and 21.4% (3 ones) had low satisfaction.The mean difference in Lysholm Knee Score, improvement in degree of extension, improvement in degree of flexion and pain score before and after arthroscopy were 26.21±14.11,64.78±26.13,3.57±2.92 and 4.13±1.65,respectively.There was a significant difference between the mean values of these factors before and after arthroscopy.
Conclusion: According to the results obtained, we can conclude that arthroscopic release is an effective and low-complication method in motion limits of knees.
 

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Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine the role of emotional control, psychological well-being and self-care behaviorson the quality of life of cardiovascular patients in Urmia City.
Methods: This descriptive study was a correlational one. The statistical population of this study was all the cardiovascular patients referred to the hospitals and medical centers of Urmia City in the  semester of 2018. The number of 135 participants were selected as a sample. Data were collected by ECS questionnaire, Reef psychological well-being (1995), European self-care behavior questionnaire for the patients with heart failure and quality of life (QOL). Data analysis was done by Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis with SPSS software Chicago IL Version 16 .
Results: The results showed that emotional control, psychological well-being and self-care behaviors were related to the quality of life of heart patients. The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that the present research model could explain 32% of the quality of life in the heart disease.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that psychological well-being and self-care behaviors play an important role in the quality of life of heart patients, so these findings can have important implications for tracking psychological problems in these patients.

 

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Corrigendum notice: Protective Effect of Interval Exercise Training with Different Intensity and Alpha-Lipoic Acid Supplement on Nav1.3 Protein in Soleus Muscle of Diabetic Rats
 
Seyedeh Fatemeh Fatemi¹, Seyed Abdollah Hashemvarzi¹, Amin Farzaneh Hesari¹
 
1Department of Exercise Physiology, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran.
*Corresponding author: Tel: 09111160278, email: hashemvarzi_tkd@yahoo.com

Corrigendum notice: In the above article, which was published in the Volume 29, Issue of 8, November 2021, affiliations of all of the authors have been corrected.