Journal of

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Introduction: Today, breast cancer is one of the most common causes of mortality and morbidty and also the leading health concern of the world. Methods: This research was a descriptive study entitled Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding prevention of breast cancer in working women of Chaloos city. The sample size of study included 612 women working in governmental centers. The instrument for data collection was a researcher –made questionnaire. For data analysis, central and coefficient index chi square ,t-test ,one way analysis of variation, Kruscal Wallis, Pearson,s correlation coefficient and Fisher test were used. Results: The findings showed that the most of samples were in the 30-39 years age group,(39.7%) with an educational job(83/5%) and without history of breast cancer history in the family.(94/9%) Results also revealed that there was a weak positive relationship between knowledge and attitude (r=0.33) .The findings showed there was a significant statistical relation between knowledge and practice (p<0.05). Also, there was a significant statistical relation between knowledge level and breast self examination (BSE), time interval and also the time of performing BSE (p<0.0001) Similarly, the highest levels of knowledge were present in women with medical education and those with a bachelors or higher degree. The results showed that attitude scores were significantly different in various age, job and educational groups, (p<0.001, p<0.05,p<0.05) respectively Conclusion: The results showed that most of the population under study had a positive attitude but didn’t have good knowledge or practice.

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Introduction: From maturity to menopause, women are worried about pregnancy. Abstinence from sex or use of pregnancy prevention methods are choices for them. As abstinence is impossible, the only remaining choice is use of pregnancy prevention methods. Effective control of pregnancy is really essential for the health of mother and infant and also control of unplanned increase in population. Regarding the importance of continuance rate of pregnancy prevention methods (OCP, IUD, Condom &DMPA) & the reasons for their disruption, this study was carried out with the aim of determining the continuance rate and reasons for discontinuance of pregnancy prevention methods in Yazd women. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Six urban health care centers of Yazd were selected as study clusters and information of 15-49 year old women using the pregnancy prevention methods (OCP, IUD, Condom& injection) was collected via a questionnaire. The data collected was analyzed by Coplan- Mayer statistic method and variance analysis test. Results: Pregnancy prevention methods were most prevalent in the 25-34 years old age group (57%). Mean duration of pregnancy prevention method usage was 27.98 months using Caplan-mayer method with a median of 24 months. 86.3% for 6 months, 72.8% for 12 months, 62.5% for 18 months, 47.9% for 24 months, 39.9% for 30 months and 37% for 37 months had used four certain methods of pregnancy prevention (OCP, IUD, Condom and Injection). The reasons of discontinuance were disease (15.6%) for OCPS, bleeding (27%) for IUD, unwanted pregnancy (21%) for Condoms and also disease (75%) for Injection method. Discussion: According to the results, not only education programs regarding family planning before starting each pregnancy prevention method to women is recommended, but a complete incentive consultation about these methods is essential. This educational & consultation programs should be implemented initially for women using OCP method.

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Background: Diabetes mellitus is an important health problem that leads to severe complications, is the cause of early death, and is showing an increase in frequency. Development of positive health behaviors is extremely important for prevention of diabetes in at high- risk individuals. This study aims to identify the relationship between health beliefs and diabetes preventive behaviors in individuals at high-risk for developing type2 diabetes mellitus in Taft city. Methods: A study using the Health Belief Model (HBM) framework was undertaken with 114 subjects of both genders aged 30 years and above from three urban health centers who were diagnosed as at high risk for type2 diabetes during the screening program. Research tool was a 66-item questionnaire. Data was analyzed with descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation and Mann–Whitney U-test. Results: Of the total, 29.8% of subjects were male and 70.2% were female. Regarding education, 68.4% of the subjects had not completed high school and 89.4% of them was married. Mean score of knowledge and preventive behaviors was 5.80 ±2.87 and5.41 ±2.83, respectively such that subjects scored 30.05% of maximum obtainable score of preventive behaviors. There were significant correlations between preventive behaviors and perceived susceptibility, r=0.243(P<0.009), perceived severity, r=0.312(P<0.001), perceived barrier, r=0.245 (P<0.006) and perceived self-efficacy, r=0.497 (P<0.001). Conclusion: Preventive behaviors among the subjects at high- risk for developing type 2 diabetes despite the presence of risk factors was poor due to lack of susceptibility, severity, barriers and self-efficacy perception.

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Introduction: Excessive salt consumption is associated with the severity of arterial hypertension and various related complications such as ventricular hypertrophy. Regarding the importance of awareness of salt intake in women, this study was conducted with purpose of the estimation of salt intake. Methods: This descriptive– analytic cross-sectional study was conducted with participation of 247 women referred to Yazd medical health centers. Sampling was done by multistage method. Daily salt intake was evaluated by measurement of urine salt and Kawasaki formula. Data was analyzed by SPSS and Student t- test, Chi –square and one way ANOVA. Results: Participants with mean age of 29/91±6.75 years, consumed on the average 10/09±2.97g salt per day. Daily salt intake of 4.1% (10 persons) of participants was less than 5g. Results did not show any significant association between salt intake and demographic variables including job (p=0.451), educational level (p=0.162) and husband job (p=0.178). Conclusion: Considering high salt intake among participants, it is suggested designing and performing suitable educational programs based on theories and models of health education in order to reduce salt intake.

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Introduction: Considering the importance of cancer as one of the main causes of mortality in the world and the role of various factors, including psychological ones in its onset. In this study we compared some of these factors such as personality traits, negative experienced emotions and coping styles in healthy women and those with cancer. Methods: In this study, 83 women with cancer(referred to Imam Khomeini hospital of Tehran in a one- month period) and 85 healthy subjects(selected by using available sampling method and matched with the first group). Then Personality inventory of Eysenck and inventory type D(DS14) and Folkman and Lazarus coping styles on were studied in both groups. Data analysis was performed by T Hoteling test and multivariate analysis of variance(MANOVA). Results: Two groups of women(cancer- healthy) were significantly different for personality trait of extraversion, negative emotion experiences and emotional-oriented coping and problem-oriented coping. Conclusion: Women with cancer compared to healthy women experienced more negative emotions and had lower score in extraversion and used more emotion-oriented coping styles and less problem-oriented styles

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Introduction: Numerous studies showed that lifestyle in the years of growth and adolescence is the most important factor in determining the risk of osteoporosis in later years of life. This study aimed to assess lifestyle and nutritional preventive behaviors of osteoporosis among teenagers in Qazvin in Iran. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed within teenagers, in a population – based sample of 300 students collected via random cluster sampling. Data was collected through a self-administered questionnaire containing 15 questions (Questions items included risk factors related to osteoporosis, preventive behaviors of osteoporosis, and demographic factors). Using SPSS 16, the data were analyzed by Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. Results: Findings showed that the majority of teenagers (71.3%) do not have regular physical activity. There were significant differences between physical activity patterns of male students and female students (P=0.001). Nutritional habit results showed that female students (66.7%) used foods (34.7%) containing vitamin D more than male students. The results showed that 29.3% of male students and 24.3% of female students didn’t use any calcium absorption increasing ways in the body. Conclusion: The study findings show that osteoporosis in Iranian teenagers appears to correlate with several known risk factors and unsuitable behaviors that were well described in the literature. It revealed that preventive educational strategies on osteoporosis are important in this population. So modifying lifestyle among teenagers seems essential in order to prevent osteoporosis in the future

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Introduction: Life style is an important element to prevent the cancer. Therefore, this study aimed to determine life style risk factors of Tehran citizens as well as to prevent cancer. Methods: This study is a descriptive - analytic research with Sample size of 2500 Tehran citizens. The study data was collected via a questionnaire that contained 2 parts: demographic and questions related to life style cancer. Its validity and reliability was determined through content validity and Alfa-Cronbach test. Data was collected in one time and in front of the interviewer. Data analysis was done by SPSS software and descriptive and inferential statistics. The participants’ life style was assessed at three levels of satisfactory level 80-100%, moderately satisfactory level 60-79/9% and not satisfactory level0%-59/9%. Results: 40/4% of the subjects had no direct contact with sunlight. 62% of the subjects had contact with the white matter. 45/8% have sometimes been nervous. 46/7% of the civilian population of normal BMI had poor lifestyle. Conclusion: Since studied Tehran citizens’ life style associated with cancer prevention were not desired in most aspects, life style correction can prevent the cancer to a great extent. It is essential that health and medical authorities specially nurses plan to reform life style, health behaviors and individuals’ habits.

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Introduction: When a new scale is designed, it is expected that by following the development processes, extensive information can be obtained regarding the scale assessment. The main aim of this study was to design a valid and reliable scale proportionate to the culture of the employees surveyed, in order to identify and measure the improvements of infection-control criterion for Hepatitis B virus. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, data collection instruments involved designing and assessing the reliability and validity. The study sample was of cluster type involving the health care workers of 19 health centers and 16 Health sites. For Questionnaire designing, first, a list of 50 questions was prepared. Moreover, to assess the validity, the internal consistency and reproducibility, the methods content validity ratio (CVR), content validity index (CVI), test-retest reliability and alpha Cronbach coefficient were utilized respectively. Results: 5 items were rejected due to poor content validity. Content validity index was higher than 0.80. The alpha Cronbach coefficient for the total scale was 83% and for subcategories, it was between 0.81 to 0.86 . The factor weight extracted from exploratory factor analysis of the questionnaire, was 74% shared variance. As a result, the final questionnaire is reliable and repeatable (ICC= 0.896 and P <0.001) Conclusion: According to the study findings, the improvement Questionnaire of infection-control criterion for Hepatitis B virus is proper and usable in the research activities.

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Introdution: An estimated 3% of the world population is chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), and it is a major health problem that causes cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite the new directly acting antivirals (DAAs) for curing chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, the control of the disease has remained a global challenge. Several reasons, including presence of asymptomatic chronic carriers, very high drug prices, and inability of all communities to access to new medications have limited the efficacy of the treatment. Therefore, developing a preventive vaccine that can reduce the likelihood of transmission, as well as a vaccine that can help improve chronic disease or prevent the progression of HCV infection to chronic and persistent infection may be a realistic goal to control the global epidemic.
Several studies have been conducted to develop the therapeutic and preventive vaccines, some of which have been investigated in phases I and II of clinical trials. This review discusses the importance of the need to a vaccine for HCV, challenges ahead, various aspects of vaccine development for HCV and summarizes some prospective vaccine approaches.

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Introduction: The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy based on exposure and response prevention on the patients with contamination obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and scrupulosity.
Methods: The method was semi-experimental pretest-posttest design by control group. Sixty OCD participants who were suffering from scrupulosity and contamination OCD were diagnosed by means of diagnostic interviewing, Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale and Penn inventory of scrupulosity. They were selected through convenience sampling method and were assigned in two experimental groups and one control group (each group 20). The cognitive behavioral therapy based on exposure and response prevention was performed on the subjects in nine individual sessions for 45 minutes for each experimental group. The data were analyzed using SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL; Version 16 by the multivariate analysis of covariance.
Results: The results of multivariate analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc tests showed that cognitive behavioral therapy based on exposure and response prevention were effective in decreasing OCD in the experimental groups compared to the control group (0.001≥ P). Bonferroni post hoc test showed that there was a significant difference between the scrupulosity group and the contamination group and control group on the obsession variable (0.05 < P). There was no significant difference between the contamination group and the scrupulosity group on the compulsion variable (0.15 < p).
Conclusion: The findings suggest that cognitive behavioral therapy based on exposure and response prevention could help alleviate symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder in both religious and contamination OCD.

 

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Introduction: After traffic accidents and falls, burns are the third leading cause of accident deaths. Burns are one of the most devastating forms of injuries, and survivors after recovery need many years of rehabilitation and emotional, physical, and economic support. The aim of this study was to identify the factors affecting a comprehensive management system for the treatment of burn patients with qualitative content analysis approach.
Methods: This qualitative study was conducted using content analysis method in 2018. The sample consisted of 20 experts in burn scope who were selected through purposeful sampling. Data were collected using a semi-structured face-to-face interview. Content analysis method and MAXQDA 10.0 software were used for data analysis.
Results: Analysis of qualitative findings showed that factors affecting burn treatment management included 6 categories of pre-hospital care (5 subcategories), hospital care (12 subcategories), rehabilitation services for burn patients (5 subcategories), medical equipment (1 subcategory), prevention (3 subcategories) and human resources (3 subcategories).
Conclusion: According to the results, corrective actions in the field of prevention, pre-hospital, treatment and rehabilitation should be considered. Actions such as home changes, safe child monitoring, burn prevention while cooking, equipping all ambulances with basic equipment related to various types of burns, providing training to pre-hospital ambulance staff on care of burn patients, standardizing bed facilities, the burn section and attention to social skills promotion program is suggested.

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