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Introduction: Renal length as measured on sonography is fundamental in diagnosis & follow up of renal diseases, and there’s increasing use of this kind of examination nowadays. Some radiologists believe in the effect of position on renal measurements. Regarding the above mentioned facts and in order to compare effect of patient position on sonographic measurement of renal length, this study was performed on children (under 18 years old) referred to Taleghani and Shohadaie Tajrish hospitals from October 2001 through October 2002. Methods and Materials: In this clinical trial ,one hundred children were sequentially selected. All of them (or their parents) announced their agreement for sonographic examination. The observer measured the largest longitudinal renal diameter in three positions Supine, Coronal and Prone. Two measurements were obtained in each position and the larger one was recorded. If it wasn’t possible to get the desirable measurement in one position, it was also taken into consideration. The results were judged with Anova tests. Results: Of the 100 patients investigated, 52 were boys & 48 were girls. In sagittal view, the left kidney was not measurable in 33.3 % of girls & 38.5% of boys. The maximum difference in renal measurements in the three procedures and accordingly, right and lsft kidneys as well as boys and girls was 3.7%, which was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Patient’s position has no effect on renal length. It may not be possible to measure the renal diameter in the supine position of all patients. It seems that coronal position is more suitable than the others.

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Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in both industrialized and developing countries and is projected to be the third most common cause of death in both men and women by the year 2020. Methods: This descriptive (case series) study evaluated risk factors of 300 COPD patients admitted in Shahid Sadoughi and Shohadaye Kargar hospitals of Yazd using the respiratory disease questionnaires. Results: 81.34% were men, 18.66% were women and their age range was between 33-92 years but majority of patients were in the 65-74 years age group (41.34%). Mean age of women were more than men which was significant (70.858.68). The results were as follows: Cigarette smoking was the only risk factor in 18.7% (23% of men), 43.6% had occupational COPD(87.5% of Women & 33.6% of Men), while 35% had both the risk factors (5.4% of Women & 41.7% of Men) and 2.7% had an underling disease as the only risk factor.55% of patients had only one risk factor (76.8% of Women & 50% of Men), 39.3% had two and 5.6% of patients had more than two risk factors. 77.7% of patients had occupational exposure overall, the most frequent occupation was farming but in women it was bread making in the bakery. The most frequent underling disease was HTN (29%) but the most frequent related disease was allergy (9.3%). There was a relationship between number of risk factors, duration of symptoms and disease severity but sex, type of job and different risk factors had no significant effects on it. Mean of FEV1 did not differ significantly in men and women (35.7416.57). Conclusion: Majority of patients were more than 65 years of age. The most frequent risk factor was occupational exposure that shows its important role in development of disease in both men & women. It is therefore necessary to perform screening tests like spirometry in this high risk group. Type of job, risk factor and sex had no effects on disease severity but number of risk factors had a significant effect this indicates that combination of risk factors is more important than type of risk factor for example we should try to prevent smoking in people with occupational exposure. Duration of symptoms also had a significant effect on severity and therefore emotional support, intensive treatment and rehabilitation programs should be considered in patients with chronic symptoms.

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Introduction: Multiple sclerosis is a chronic, progressive and degenerative myelin sheath disease of the central nervous system. It frequently occurs in young people in the productive stage of life who are solicitous about their role and family responsibilities. One of the treatment and vigilance intervention index in improvement of chronic illness is quality of life. The objective of the implementation of this study was to assess the effect of Orem self- care program on physical quality of life in multiple sclerosis patients. Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental research on 70 multiple sclerosis patients’ who were randomly allocated to experimental or control group (35 patients in each group). The experimental group was treated with self-care program based on Orem self-care frame work and compared with the control group. Data was analyzed using presumption statistics. Results: T test showed that there was no significant difference in the physical quality of life score before intervention in the two groups (P=0.33, T=-0.69), while after intervention, the same test indicated a significant difference between the two groups (P=0.001, T=14.42). Pair t test showed significant difference in experimental group before and after self care program (P=0.001, T=-14.20), whereas the same test showed no significant difference in the control group (P= 0.95, T= -0.06). Conclusion: According to the study result, self care program based on the Orem frame work can have an effect on the physical quality of life in multiple sclerosis patients. Therefore, if a program is designed on the basis of educational needs and the “Orem self- care model” approach, it can be effective for enhancing the multiple sclerosis patients physical quality of life, and it can be recommended as a nursing interventional program. This intervention is safe, inexpensive and complementary that can be used to support multiple sclerosis patients in treatment centers.

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Introduction: Bone marrow transplantation is one of the treatment modalities in many hematologic disorders. In recent years, bone marrow transplantation is increasingly being delivered in the outpatient setting. Some studies suggest that outpatient transplantation has many advantages. The aim of this study was to compare the quality of life in outpatient and inpatient multiple myeloma patients after bone marrow transplantation. Methods: This research was a descriptive, comparative study. The quality of life of 35 multiple myeloma patients who had undergone bone marrow transplantation (20 outpatient and 15 inpatient) was assessed. An EORTC QLQ_C30 questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire was completed on three occasions (before transplantation, 45 day after BMT and 90 day after BMT). Descriptive (mean, SD) and inferential statistics (Paired T Test, ANOVA Repeated Measures) were used for data analysis. Results: Comparison of quality of life between inpatient and outpatient settings indicated that quality of life of outpatient group was significantly better than inpatient group in certain aspects including all functional scales, all symptom scales, physical functioning, nausea and vomiting, fatigue, role functioning and appetite loss, and after a period of 90 days after transplantation, there was a significant increase in quality of life of the members of the inpatient group with regards to social functioning (p=0.001), dyspnoea( p=0.05), insomnia(p<0.001) and diarrhea (p=0.07). Conclusion: Although both transplantation methods have their own advantages, but considering the point that outpatient setting results in betterment of quality of life in certain aspects, it is advisable that patients should undergo bone marrow transplantation in an outpatient setting.

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Introduction: Ethics, customs, and divine and human values in all scientific and non-academic issues are accepted among all human societies in different eras. The purpose of this study was to understand the experiences of nursing professionals about the patient's privacy. Methods: 21 participants were selected by theoretical sampling which was guided by emerging categories. All participants were interviewed individually. Subjects were interviewed in a private setting and transcription was done after each interview. In-depth interviews and semi-structured questions were used for data collection. Corbin and Strauss’ Ground theory methodology was applied in order to explain the process of patient's privacy. Data analysis was an ongoing process which was started during data collection. Data analysis method included a three-step coding process including open coding, axial and selective coding through repeated line by line reading of transcripts. Results: Four central categories were identified from transcripts' constant comparative analysis: weakness of system, actors with serious effort, trying to maintain privacy and tension creation. Conclusion: Familiarity with how nurses deal with patient’s privacy can improve professional development, client satisfaction and observation of their rights. Nurses with sensitivity to patient’s privacy can manage their expectations respectfully.

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Introduction: One of the important challenges in patient with chronic diseases specially diabetes is adherence to therapy of treatment. While the patients don’t follow the treatment program, They get into critical consequences like relapse of illness, intensification of disability, necessity of emergency and hospitalization. So the present study intended to investigate the relationship between health locus of control, slip memory and physician – patient relationship with aherence to therapy. Methods: To carry out this research, 115 adults with type Π diabetes(men and women) who had referred to Glands clinic of Sina hospital in Tabriz from June to August 2010, completed the following five research questionnaires: demographic information questions, patient – doctor relationship questionnaire(PDRQ-19), General Aherence to therapy Scale(GAS), Prospective and retrospective memory questionnaire(PRMQ), and Multidimensional health locus of control(MHLC). In order to analyze the data, both descriptive and inferred statistics were applied including Pearsons correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis methods. Results: The study findings indicated that there exist a positive significant relation between external health locus of control(other- powerful), internal health locus of control and desired physician- patient relationship with adherence to therapy in diabetic patients of type Π. However, results revealed a negative significant relationship between slip memory and adherence to therapy. Conclusion: The study results proposed that the patients with diabetes type Π, who regard more powerful individuals as responsible for their health like their physician, believe in their own role in control of their health in the second place. Furthermore, they had a desired relationship with their physicians, showed less slip memory, and displayed more adherence to therapy.

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Introduction: This research aimed to use one of new research methods namely meta-analysis in order to evaluate the results of studies investigating the effectiveness of cognitive- behavioral therapy in treating patients with obsessive- compulsive disorder(OCD). These studies have been accomplished in Iran. Cognitive- behavioral therapy(CBT) is an empirically based treatment of established efficacy for the obsessive-compulsive disorder. Methods: In this study, 12 accomplished researches were gathered in regard to the effect of cognitive behavioral therapy in treating patients with obsessive- compulsive disorder(OCD) among which 10 studies were chosen for meta-analysis. Statistic analysis was done by comprehensive meta-analysis software. Results: The study results, using incorporation of effect size by Schmitt and Hunts method, showed that cognitive behavioral therapy can influence treating patients with obsessive- compulsive disorder. The mean of cognitive- behavioral effect size in treatment of obsessive- compulsive disorder in males and females was significant 1/63(p<01/01). Conclusion: The study findings have shown that cognitive behavioral therapy in treating patients with obsessive- compulsive disorder is effective. This information can be used in therapeutic schematization and clinical intervention.

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Introduction: Sever daily sleepiness is one of the problems of patient with chronic renal failure. There are evidences indicating different sleep pathology in patients undergoing hemodialysis. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of applying continuous monitoring model on sleepiness of hemodialysis patients in Shahinshahr/ Isfahan. Methods: This semi-experimental study was performed on 40 hemodialysis patients. Data gathering was done by Epwort Questionnaire. The questionnaire was used twice before the intervention with the interval of one month. The applied model contained four steps: orientation, sensitization, control and evaluation. Patients were divided into five groups and 4-6 training sessions during three weeks were held for each group and during the remained 9 weeks, consultations for continuous sleep monitoring, control and evaluation were performed. The questionnaire was filled out immediately after the intervention and one month later. Data were analyzed through SPSS 15 through descriptive and analytic statistics. Results: The study findings revealed that mean score of sleepiness before intervention was 11/06 (± 3/32). Therefore, after intervention it increased significantly to 5.54 (± 2/85) (P=0/0001). The percentage of sleepiness before the intervention was 74/4 that decreased significantly to 38/8 % (p = 0/0001). Conclusion: Using continuous care model as an ethnic model can reduce many problems of patients. It is recommended to study monitoring model more elaborately in order to utilize it on other hemodialysis patients.

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Introduction: Diabetic patients face with different physical and psychological challenging factors which impress their quality of life. The major problem of these patients, which has made their life circumstances more complicated, is coping and adapting styles with the illness. So, this study aimed to determine quality of life and also different kinds of coping strategies in patients with type 2 diabetes and also to compare it with those of healthy people. Methods: In this study, sixty diabetic patients (30 male, 30 female), were chosen by available sampling method from the people who referred to Sina Diabetes center in Tabriz and were compared with sixty non diabetic people (30 male, 30 female). Data were collected by two questionnaires including the short form health survey (SF-36) and coping style Inventories. MANOVA method was used to analyze the research data. Results: The study results showed that non diabetics were significantly higher than diabetic patients in regard to quality of life and its dimensions (p<0.001). Also results revealed that non diabetic people used the problem–oriented styles (p<0.001), however diabetic patients used emotional-oriented coping and avoidance strategies more (p<0.05). In this study (in both groups), females in comparison with males had lower score in quality of life and used more emotion-oriented coping styles and less problem-oriented styles. Conclusion: The results indicated that individuals’ quality of life was affected by their coping style with different affairs. Emotional-oriented coping and avoidance strategies were related with decrease of quality of life in diabetic patients whereas problem-oriented styles enhanced it. Therefore, it is necessary to perform interventions for teaching problem solving coping in order to improve these patients' quality of life.

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Introduction: Hand burn is a common and considerable cause of chronic disabilities, since it mostly causes functional disorders like a range of motion defects in hands. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effect of education regarding hand-burn caring on deformity as well as the range of motion disorders in hand- burn patients admitted to Shahid Motahari hospital in Tehran. Methods: This study is a clinical trial conducted on sixty burn patients. The subjects were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. A systematic education program was implemented on the experimental group regarding how to care hand burn. The research data was gleaned by an observational checklist of hand deformity as well as a demographic questionnaire. The research data was analyzed via SPSS software version 10. Results: Majority of patients were male aged 15-25 years with primary education who were village residents in a low economic status. The most common cause of burning was benzene with total burn surface %45- 36% . The study results revealed that the implementation of hand care educational program for hand burn patients was statistically effective on the hand deformity. Conclution: Implementing programs of hand burn is recommended to reduce the functional problems of the hand after burning. Therefore, the nurses need to attend to education in caring of these patients.

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Introductoin: Increased level of serum IL-6 is related to development of type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. The American Diabetes Association and the American College of Sports Medicine recommend that combination of resistance and aerobic exercise is favorable for patients with type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise and concurrent (aerobic-resistance) exercise on serum IL-6 Levels and insulin resistance in Type 2 Diabetic patients. Methods: In this study, from patients referring to Kermanshah Diabetes Association, 24 volunteers participated in the study as subjects and were divided into aerobic (n=8), concurrent (n=8), and control group (n=8) randomly. Training program for the aerobic group included 3 sessions of running per week with 60 to 80% maximal heart rate for 8 weeks but the concurrent group in addition to running, performed resistance training of major muscles groups. Before and after the intervention, body weight, BMI, fasting blood glucose, serum IL-6 and HOMA-IR were measured. Results: HOMA-IR and fasting blood glucose were significantly decreased in both training groups after intervention, but showed no significant changes in the control group. No significant changes were observed for serum IL-6 levels, body weight or BMI. Conclusion: performing 8 weeks of aerobic or concurrent training with improvement of insulin resistance and fasting blood glucose could be helpful for type 2 diabetic patients however, it cannot significantly affect serum IL-6 levels, body weight, or BMI in these patients.

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Introduction: Spinal anesthesia in opium-addicted patients can be associated with many complications. Hence, this study aimed to investigate sensory and motor block characteristics, duration of postoperative analgesia, hemodynamic and side effects by adding Fentanyl to bupivacaine in spinal Anesthesia of opium-addicted patients. Methods: In a double-blind randomized clinical trial, 60 American society of Anesthesiology (ASA) class I and II opium-addicted patients under spinal anesthesia in lower abdominal and lower limb operations were randomly classified into two groups of spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine and bupivacaine-fentanyl. Clinical symptoms, side effects, the duration of sensory and motor block, initiation of analgesia requirement and sensory block were assessed. Results: The study results indicated no significant difference between bupivacaine and bupivacaine-fentanyl groups in regard with demographic, side effects, blood pressure and heart rate, though a significant difference was observed in respiratory rate 5min, 10min, 45min, 75min and 90 min after block. Duration of sensory (100.33 to 138.83) and motor block (93.43 to 107.66) and , initiation of analgesia requirement (165.33 to 187.76) was significantly longer in bupivacaine-fentanyl, though initiation of sensory block (8.83 to 4.93) was significantly longer in bupivacaine. Conclusion: Addition of fentanyl to bupivacaine in spinal anesthesia increases the duration of sensory and motor block and initiation of analgesia requirement in opium-addicted patients and also decreases initiation of sensory block in these patients.

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Introduction: One of the major goals of nursing in trauma patients is clearing the airway. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the side effects of suction and nelaton catheter in patients with brain trauma. Methods: This study is a randomized clinical trial consisting of 80 patients admitted to intensive care unit of Shahid Rahnemun hospital in Yazd. Underlying variables and suction side effects were evaluated in both suction and nelaton groups. Finally, descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Ver 16 such as Chi-square and T-test. Results: The nelaton reduced the patients’ need to suction (P-Value for third and fourth days was respectively 0. 003 and 0. 004). After total suction with nelaton catheter, O2SAT decreased for the patients (P-Value of first day=0. 06, second day=0. 004, third day=0.002, fourth day =0. 001). Comparing O2SAT between these two types of catheter, a significant difference was observed on the fourth day(P-Value = 0. 002). The mean heart rate increased in both groups after suctioning(P-Value = 0. 0001), though no difference was found in heart rate between the two groups (P-Value of first day=0. 37, the second day=0. 13,the third day=0. 57, fourth day=0. 09). The difference between the two groups in regard with frequency of bleeding chips after suctioning proved to be significant from the third day of the study. In other words, patients in suction catheter were reported to have more bleeding chips. (P-Value of first day =0. 9, second day=0. 14, third day=0. 001, fourth day=0. 001). No significant difference was found with respect to infection (P-Value = 0. 8). Conclusion: The study findings revealed that applying catheter nelaton can reduce the injury and bleeding to the patient's trachea to a significant percentage and can lead to less O2SAT fall.

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Introduction: Heart diseases involve the first and most prevalent causes of morbidity as well as mortality in Iran, which can be affected by various factors. Hence, this study aimed to explore the comparison and relationships between social support and coping strategies in patients with myocardial infarction and in the control group in Rasht. Methods: In this descriptive study, the study healthy population consisted of all males aged 40-90 living in Rasht, among which 125 males were selected via a cluster random sampling method in 2013. Moreover, the study patient population entailed all male patients suffering from myocardial infarction aged 40-90 living in Rasht who were hospitalized in Dr.Heshmat hospital of Rasht in the first five months of 2013. The patient samples were 125 men selected via purposeful sampling method. In order to glean the study data, Carver's coping strategies inventory and Phillips' perceived social support questionnaire were applied and the data were analyzed utilizing SPSS software (Version 18). Results: The study results revealed that a significant correlation was observed between social support and problem-focused coping strategies in healthy subjects as well as in patients diagnosed with myocardial infarction. Furthermore, a significant difference was observed between healthy subjects and those suffering from myocardial infarction in regard with the overall score of perceived social support, emotion-focused coping strategies and problem-focused coping strategies. Conclusion: The findings of the current study demonstrated the role of social support variables and stress coping strategies should be taken into account in order to prevent cardiovascular diseases.

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Introduction: Antibiotics are regarded as one of the most widely consumed drugs, which have abundantly contributed to the treatment of diseases, though their incorrect prescription as well as indiscriminate use can cause such complications as drug resistance and failure in patients’ treatment. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the pattern of prescribing antibiotics in surgical wards of Shahid Rahnemon Hospital compared to standard Methods. Methods: This is an analytical study conducted on 154 patients undergoing surgey in 4 surgery wards (General surgery, urology, neurosurgery and orthopedics) of Shahid Rahnemon hospital in Yazd in 2015. In order to glean the study data, a researcher-made data collection form was applied. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software (ver-19) applying descriptive statistics (frequency and perrentage) and Chi-square test. Results: 24% of patients had consumed Ceftriaxone, 72.1 % Keflin and 3.9% had recievd Cefazolin. The prescribed dose results showed 87% of compatibility with the guidelines. Regarding the prescription method, 86.4% compatiblity was reported with the guidelines. In total, 68.8% of the prescribed antibiotics were matched with managed care instruction of number (8) in terms of their type. Conclusion: The present study findings revealed that in 68.8% of the operations, the prescribed antibiotics were compatible with the guidelines in all the cases. Hence, taking antibiogram bacteria isolated from patients into account, developing standard treatment guidelines, and possibly providing oral forms of antibiotics can be effective in rationalizing the use of injectable antibiotics.

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Introduction: Sleep is regarded as one of the basic needs of human. Several factors can cause sleep disturbances in hospitalized inpatients, among which noise and light can be taken into account in Coronary Care Unit(CCU). Therefore, this study intended to investigate the effect of eyemasks and earplugs use on sleep quality of patients suffering from Myocardial Infarction in CCU. Methods: In this randomized clinical trial, a sample size of 90 patients admitted in CCU was selected. The samples were randomly divided into three groups on the first night of stay: patients with an eye mask and ear plug, patients with only an eye mask and patients in the control group. The intervention was performed from the first night of admission until discharge and sleep quality was assessed by Visual Analog Scale. Moreover, the study data were analyzed via SPSS software (ver,18) using ANOVA, paired t-test, independent t-test and post hoc Don. Results: The mean score of sleep quality showed a significant difference after the intervention between the two experimental groups with the control group (p<0/05), whereas no significant difference was observed between the two experimental groups after the intervention (p>0/05). Conclusion: The study findings revealed that using eyemasks and earplugs as low-cost and uncomplicated devices can improve sleep quality in patients in CCU.

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Introduction: Reducing unnecessary laboratory tests is an essential issue in the Intensive Care Unit. One solution for this issue is to predict the value of a laboratory test to specify the necessity of ordering the tests. The aim of this paper was to propose a clinical decision support system for predicting laboratory tests values. Calcium laboratory tests of three categories of patients, including upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding, and unspecified hemorrhage of gastrointestinal tract, have been selected as the case studies for this research.

Method: In this research, the data have been collected from MIMIC-II database. For predicting calcium laboratory values, a Fuzzy Takagi-Sugeno model is used and the input variables of the model are heart rate and previous value of calcium laboratory test.

Results: The results showed that the values of calcium laboratory test for the understudy patients were predictable with an acceptable accuracy. In average, the mean absolute errors of the system for the three categories of the patients are 0.27, 0.29, and 0.28, respectively.

Conclusion: In this research, using fuzzy modeling and two variables of heart rate and previous calcium laboratory values, a clinical decision support system was proposed for predicting laboratory values of three categories of patients with gastrointestinal bleeding. Using these two clinical values as input variables, the obtained results were acceptable and showed the capability of the proposed system in predicting calcium laboratory values. For achieving better results, the impact of more input variables should be studied. Since, the proposed system predicts the laboratory values instead of just predicting the necessity of the laboratory tests; it was more generalized than previous studies. So, the proposed method let the specialists make the decision depending on the condition of each patient.

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Introduction: Post-operative pain reduction is one of the problems in the patients with preoperative narcotic dependency. Morphine is the most common drugs to control postoperative pain. Due to resistance to morphine and  its side effects in addict patients, using of adjuvant drugs such as ketamine has increased. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding ketamine to morphine in patients addicted to opioid with post orthopedic operation pain.
Methods: In a double blind clinical trial, 60 patients undergoing orthopedic operation with history of opioid consumption were randomly divided in 2 groups. Post operation, the first group received morphine 20 mg and the second group received morphine 20 mg + ketamine 100 mg via IV patient-controlled analgesia (IPCA). The pain score as visual analogue scale (VAS), sedation score, and nausea and vomiting were evaluated at 1, 6, 12 and 24 hours post operation. SPSS v.20 was used for data analysis.
Results: Results showed that dose of morphine consumption in morphine group was significantly increased compared to the morphine + ketamine group (p ˂ 0.001). In addition, only at 12 hours after surgery the mean of pain score in the morphine group was significantly reduced compared to the second group (p = 0.02). The mean of sedation score at 1 (p ˂ 0.001), 6 (p = 0.002), 12 (p = 0.001) and 24 (p ˂ 0.001) hours after surgery in the morphine group was increased compared to the other group. At 1 hour, the mean of nausea and vomiting scores in the morphine group was significantly reduced compared to the morphine + ketamine group (p = 0.024).
Conclusion: Addition of ketamine to morphine in the patients with history of opioid consumption reduced using of the morphine. But had no effect on pain and sedation score reduction.

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Introduction: Cardiovascular disease, including atherosclerosis, has an inflammatory background on a molecular scale. In the immune system, various factors activate macrophages, which ultimately lead to various macrophage activities in inflammatory and non-inflammatory conditions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of combined training on serum macrophage phenotype after cardiac arrhythmias and coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
Methods: The present study was a quasi-experimentalstudy performed in the Heart Rehabilitation Center of Afshar Hospital in Yazd. 20 male patients after coronary artery bypass graft surgery were divided into the control and combined exercise groups. Functional capacity, body mass index, muscle strength, and waist-to-hip ratio were estimated before training.The combined program was included aerobic and resistance training for eight weeks, three sessions per week. Aerobic training was performed for 15-20 minutes with maximum intensity of 50-80% of maximum heart rate and resistance training program included three upper limb and two lower limb movements with three sets and 10 repetitions. Blood samples were taken before and after eight weeks and macrophage phenotypes were measured by the ELISA method. Data were analyzed through independent t-test and paired t-test using SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL; version 16 software.
Results: The combined exercise resulted in a significant decrease in the M1 macrophage (P<0.05) and a significant increase in the M2 macrophage (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The results of this study emphasize the usefulness of this training protocol as a means to reduce inflammation and decreasing the mortality and morbidity rates.
Conclusion: The results of this study emphasize the usefulness of this training protocol as a means to reduce inflammation and decreasing the mortality and morbidity rates.