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Introduction: Candidiasis, as an opportunistic infection, is caused by the Candida species. Although Candida albicans is classified in the body as an endogenic flora, it plays an important role in creating Candida related diseases. Candida vulvovaginitis in pregnant women, diabetes mellitus patients and those using multiple antibiotics and contraceptive drugs demonstrates the high resistance of the organism against conventional medication. On the other hand, recurrent vaginitis disintegrates the long-term process of treatment in majority of the patients. The present research was done with the aim of determining the optimum conditions for susceptibility testing before retreatment of patients. Methods: 10 isolates of Candida albicans obtained from 31 suspected patients suffering from recurrent Candida vaginitis were incubated with ketoconazole at two pH of 7.2 and 5.5 and two temperatures of 35ºC and 27ºC. The Microdilution broth test technique was used. The RPMI 1640 medium within the 96 well microplates with range of 12 tests was used to determine the MIC50 , MIC90 and MFC of the drug. Results: The obtained MIC50, MIC90 and MFC for ketoconazole at these conditions (T=35ºC and pH=7.2) were 0.25 to 1 µg/ml, 1 to 4 µg/ml and 64 to ≥ 512 µg/ml respectively, while these values at 27ºC, pH 5.5 were 1 to 8 µg/ml, 8 to 64 µg/ml and 512 to ≥ 512 µg/ml, at 35ºC and pH 5.5 the values were 1 to 8 µg/ml, 4 to 32 µg/ml, 256 to ≥ 512 µg/ml, while at 27ºC and pH 7.2 the values were 1 to 2 µg/ml, 8 to 32 µg/ml, 128 to ≥ 512 µg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: The obtained results confirmed that conditions with temperature of 35ºC and pH 7.2 resulted in better treatment outcomes than other conditions.

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Introduction: Concentrating of Mn in the human body leads to Manganism, a Parkinson-like disease with pathologic effects especially on brain. Being exposed to the occupations related to metals such as working in the mines, industries and chemical fertilizers in agriculture may cause manganism. Chelating agents have been used successfully in the treatment of severe manganism. This study was conducted to explore the capability of Para Amino Salicylic acid (PAS) in reducing Mn concentrations in body fluids and tissues of mn-exposed animals. Methods: Twenty vistar male rats (260-280g) were divided into four groups (control, Mn, PAS, Mn+PAS takers). Mn animals received i.p. 8mg/kg manganese chloride for one week as intoxication and PAS was injected by 1cc of 1.5g/l PAS for four weeks as the treatment. Serum, urine and kidney tissue of animals were collected for biochemical and histopathological evaluation. Results: Mn exposure significantly increased the concentration of Mn in serum and urine (p<0.001) as well as in kidney extract(p<0.05). Following PAS treatment, Mn levels in serum and kidney extract reduced, whereas in urine increased. Serum urea (P<0.05) level increasing in all test groups indicated kidney destruction in them. Higher levels of cystatin C in PAS group animals serum (p<0.01) revealed side effects on kidneys that was treated by Mn consumption. Lowering the blood and protein occurrence in urine of animals that received Mn+PAS indicated the therapeutic effects of PAS. Benefits of PAS consumption was clear in histological assays especially in the kidney cortex. Conclusion: Although PAS can reduce Mn concentration in animal's body and pathologic effects, it reveals some side effects.

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Introduction: Electroencephalography (EEG) is useful in seizure diagnosis. It needs cooperation and immobility of the person and if a child does not naturally sleep, pharmacological agents will be used to induce sleeping. The purpose of this study was to investigate efficacy and side effects of oral melatonin in sedation induction for EEG of children. Methods: In a quasi- experimental study, efficacy of single dose of 0.3mg/kg melatonin in achieving adequate sedation (Ramsay sedation score of four) as well as its success in recording of EEG and its side effects in 40 children were investigated from September 2011 to March 2012. The participants aged 1-8 years who referred to EEG Unit of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Yazd, Iran and did not naturally sleep and immobilize. Results: Sixteen girls (40%) and 24 boys(60%) with mean age of 2.82 ±1.91 years were investigated. Adequate sedation and recording of EEG was achieved in 29 (72.5 %) children. The drug was more effective in success of recording of EEG in less than two year old children (70.6% vs. 30.4% in two years old and more and pvalue= 0.04) as well as in those with developmental delay (93.3% vs. 60% in normal developmental status and pvalue =0.02). No serious side effects were seen in the patients. Conclusion: Melatonin is a safe and effective drug in sedation induction for EEG in children especially in those less than two years old and in children with developmental delay.

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Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) causes same diseases such as osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and fractures, and also it is shown that Vitamin D deficiency could lead to some cardiovascular disease, diabetes and many types of cancer. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the frequency of vitamin D deficiency among referring to laboratories in Eyvan city during 2015 and 2016.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2014 and 2015 on patients who were referred to the laboratories at Eyvan city. Serum levels of 25OHD were determined using a ELISA assay. The data were analyzed SPSS 17 software using descriptive and analytical tests.

Results: Out of 2 919 participants, 2053 patients were women. The average age was 36.25±17.1 (range 1-92) yrs. The overall prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the patients admitted to the medical laboratories was estimated that approximately 62%. The prevalence severe and moderate vitamin D deficiency was calculated 10.4 and 51.5, respectively. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among the ages 1-6, 7-18, 19-60 and over 60 years was estimated 45%, 59%, 64% and 58%, respectively. The mean vitamin D concentration was 36.25±18.79 ng/ml. The relationship between deficiency of vitamin D with age and gender was statistically significant (P=000).

Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency prevalence is high, so the intervention plan seems essential to avoid complications of vitamin D deficiency such as medication treatment and establishing nationally-mandated food fortification programs to enhance the intake of vitamin D.

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