Journal of

---

Introduction: Vaccination with the major surface antigen of hepatitis B virus (HBsAg) induces anti-HBs antibody production and level of 10 IU/L is considered protective. It has been shown that the level of anti-HBs antibody does wane after vaccination. The aim of this study was to evaluate the persistence of anti-HBs antibodies in healthy Iranian children 10 years after primary vaccination. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 146 children, 10 years after completion of primary hepatitis B vaccination course at birth. The sera were tested for anti-HBs, antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) and HBsAg by use of ELISA technique. Results: At 10 years after primary vaccination, 70 (47.9%) children had protective levels of antibody (anti-HBs> 10 IU/L) with mean titer of 68.1 IU/ml. Moreover, 45 (30.82%) children were negative for anti-HBs antibody. Distribution of children according to anti-HBs concentration revealed that the proportion of subjects with antibody titer of 0-10 IU/L, 10-100 IU/L, 100-500 IU/L and 500-1000 IU/L was 52.1%, 24.6%, 20.5% and 2.7%, respectively. All children were negative for HBsAg, although anti-HBc was positive in 11 (7.5%) children. There was no difference in the seroprotection rates of males and females. Conclusion: The results of present study show that after 10 years after primary vaccination with recombinant HB vaccine, 47.9% of the children had protective levels of anti-HBs antibody. On basis of the HBsAg and anti-HBc results, it seems that effective immunological memory exists in children. Additional follow-up studies need to be conducted to determine the duration of protection.

---

Introduction: One of the main complications of hemodialysis in patients with chronic renal failure is hypoxemia which is related to several factors including the type of filter. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hypoxemia levels in patients undergoing hemodialysis with focus on the type of filter. Methods: In a crossover clinical trial, 29 patients from emodialysis ward of Fatemieh hospital were enrolled in the study. The patients were randomly divided in two groups (allocation). First group was hemodialyzed using Polysulfone filters while the second group was hemodialyzed by Hemoph an filters for one month. After a period of 24 hours washout, filter was changed and hemodialysis was done for another month. Arterial blood O2 saturation at different times, before and after hemodialysis was determined and amount of decrement was measured and compared in both groups. Results: Mean decrease in the arterial blood O2 saturation during 5, 30, 60 and 120 minutes after initiation of hemodialysis was higher in Hemophan filter than Polysulfone filter (p<0.001). In both groups, peak of decreasing levels were 30 and 60 minutes after initiation of hemodialysis. Conclusion: As use of polysulfone filters causes lesser decrease in arterial blood oxygen saturation, it is recommended in igh risk, especially cardiopulmonary disease patients

---

Introduction: The probiotic strains of Lactic Acid Bacillus (LAB) not only affect gastrointestinal tract microflora and stimulate local immune system of this tract but also modify and stimulate systemic immunity by influence on lymph nodes and spleen. Several studies have shown the anti-tumor effect of these kinds of bacteria. This study was designed to assess the probiotic effects of lactobacillus rhamnosus on cisplatin efficacy among Balb/c mice with breast cancer. Methods: L. rhamnosus strain was inoculated in MRS agar and cultivated for 24 h at 37 °C. Female BalbC mice (n=20) with invasive ductal carcinoma transplantation were divided into four groups: Control, L. rhamnosus, cisplatin and cisplatin plus L. rhamnosus. Cisplatin (5 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected twice a week. Lr was administered daily by gastric intubation (3×10 8 CFU/day). The tumor size was measured every 3 days and mice were sacrificed 24 h after the last injection and tumor tissue was removed for more tests. Results: The results showed that oral administration of L. rhamnosus decreased the growth rate of tumor (p<0.05). One reason for antineoplastic effect of lactobacilli is immune system enhancement. The results of delayed-type hypersensitivity show the stimulation of immune system and inhibition of tumor growth by this mechanism. In pathologic assessments probiotic administration increased the antineoplastic effect of cisplatin. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study it can be expected that human studies also show the satisfactory effect of lactobacillus administration besides common therapeutic methods for cancer treatment.

---

Introduction: One of the major goals of nursing in trauma patients is clearing the airway. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the side effects of suction and nelaton catheter in patients with brain trauma. Methods: This study is a randomized clinical trial consisting of 80 patients admitted to intensive care unit of Shahid Rahnemun hospital in Yazd. Underlying variables and suction side effects were evaluated in both suction and nelaton groups. Finally, descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Ver 16 such as Chi-square and T-test. Results: The nelaton reduced the patients’ need to suction (P-Value for third and fourth days was respectively 0. 003 and 0. 004). After total suction with nelaton catheter, O2SAT decreased for the patients (P-Value of first day=0. 06, second day=0. 004, third day=0.002, fourth day =0. 001). Comparing O2SAT between these two types of catheter, a significant difference was observed on the fourth day(P-Value = 0. 002). The mean heart rate increased in both groups after suctioning(P-Value = 0. 0001), though no difference was found in heart rate between the two groups (P-Value of first day=0. 37, the second day=0. 13,the third day=0. 57, fourth day=0. 09). The difference between the two groups in regard with frequency of bleeding chips after suctioning proved to be significant from the third day of the study. In other words, patients in suction catheter were reported to have more bleeding chips. (P-Value of first day =0. 9, second day=0. 14, third day=0. 001, fourth day=0. 001). No significant difference was found with respect to infection (P-Value = 0. 8). Conclusion: The study findings revealed that applying catheter nelaton can reduce the injury and bleeding to the patient's trachea to a significant percentage and can lead to less O2SAT fall.

---

Introdution: The aim of this research was optimization curcumin characteristics for oral hygiene application. Curcumin-loaded starch nano-particles were developed for enhancing adhesion propery with enamel surface and best anti-bacterial effect against Streptococcus mutans.
Methods: The study was the experimental one. The nanoparticles synthesize was based on precipitation and ionic gelation method. Nanoparticles characterization was done by scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and determination of zeta potential. In addition, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was assessed to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of nanoparticles against Streptococcus mutans. The binding amount of nanoparticles to hydroxyapatite was evaluated and finally, the curcumin release from the nanoparticles was also assayed.
Results: The average size of optimized starch nanoparticles were 61.1 nm. Also, zeta potential was -14.7, mV. Loading contents of nanoparticles were 24.59% measured by optical density from standard calibration curve of curcumin. In addition, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of nanoparticles against Streptococcus mutans, was 0.204 and 0.438 mg/mL for starch nanoparticles and pure curcumin, respectively. It was also found that starch nanoparticles had inhibitory effect on bacterial biofilm.
Conclusion: Curcumin-loaded starch nano-particles improve adhesion properties and interactions with enamel and prevent dental caries of Streptococcus mutans.