Volume 24, Issue 5 (Aug 2016)                   JSSU 2016, 24(5): 429-440 | Back to browse issues page

XML Persian Abstract Print


Abstract:   (14639 Views)

Introduction: Depression is one of the most common mental disorders, which its effective treatment maintains an acceptable level of performance in patients. Concerning the different effects of sexual glands on various physiological phenomena such as depression, the purpose of this study was investigation of the effect of Atorvastatin on depression by forced swimming stress model in gonadectomized male mice.

Methods: 24 male rats with an average weight of 30-35 g were used in the study. Rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=8). Those groups included a group which was not gonadectomized, the gonadectomized group received DMSO and gonadectomized group received Atorvastatin. At first, mice were gonadectomized. One week after the operation, treatments were administered intraperitoneally half an hour before the test. Depression was assessed by the forced swimming test. In this test, mice were placed into a cylindrical glass (25 cm height, 12 cm in diameter) containing a column of 8 cm of water at 25±1°C. In 10 minutes, the number of immobile, swimming and climbing wall were recorded. The data were analyzed by one way variance analysis and Tukey’s test using SPSS.

Results: Intraperitoneal injection of Atorvastatin (40 mg/kg) significantly increased the immobility time in the gonadectomized mice taking the drug or solvent DMSO in forced swimming test. The gonadectomy had an increase in depression compared to healthy mice (p<0.05).

Conclusion: The findings of the present study indicated that taking Atorvastatin having a two-folded increase in depression of gonadectomized mice.

Full-Text [PDF 1428 kb]   (3085 Downloads)    
Type of Study: Original article | Subject: Physiology
Received: 2016/01/13 | Accepted: 2016/05/14 | Published: 2016/10/18

References
1. Lazarou C, Kouta C, Kapsou M, Kaite C. Overview of depression: epidemiology and implications for community nursing practice. Br J Community Nurs 2011; 16(1): 41-7.
2. Eickhoff M, Kovac S, Shahabi P, Ghadiri MK, Dreier JP, Stummer W, et al. Spreading depression triggers ictaform activity in partially disinhibited neuronal tissues. Experimental Neuro 2014; 253: 1-5.
3. Gyeong NS, Taek SY. Crystal forms of atorvastatin. Arch Pharm Res 2009; 1(32): 933-6.
4. Yan-Wang A, HeChang A, JunZou BC, XinJin B, Zhongquan QI. The effect of atorvastatin on m-RNA levels of inflammatorygenes expressionin human peripheral blood lymphocytes by DNA microarray. Biomed Pharmacother 2011; 65(2): 118-22.
5. Petit-Demouliere B, Chenu F, Bourin M. Forced swimming test in mice: a review of antidepressant activity Psychopharmacology. 2005; 177(3): 245-55.
6. Kaplan & Sadock. Synopsis of psychiatry. 7th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1988: pp.524-73.
7. Rowland DC, Weible AP, Wickersham IR, Wu H, Mayford M, Witter MP, Kentros CG. Transgenically targeted rabies virus demonstrates a major monosynaptic projection from hippocampal area CA2 to medial entorhinal layer II neurons. J Neurosci 2013; 33(37): 14889-98 .
8. Edinger KL, Frye CA.Testosterones antianxiety and analgesic effect may be due in part to actions of its 5α-reduced metabolites in the hippocampus. Psychoneuroendocrino-logy 2005; 22: 418-30.
9. Balcombe JP. Laboratory environment and rodents’ behavioral needs: a review. Lab animals 2006; 40(3): 217-35.
10. King J, Oliveira LD, Washington LD, Patel N. Deficits in testosterone facilitate enhanced fear response. Psychoneuroendocrino 2005; 30(4): 333-43.
11. Massart R, Mongeau R, Lanfumey L. Beyond the monoaminergic hypothesis: Neuroplasticity and epigenetic changes in a transgenic mouse model of depression. Philos. Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 367(1601): 2485-94.
12. Tripathi Adarsh, Ajit Avasthi, Avinash Desousa, Dipesh Bhagabati, Nilesh Shah, Roy Abraham Kallivayalil. Prescription pattern of antidepressants in five tertiary care psychiatric centres of India. Indian J Med Res 2016; 143(4): 507-13.
13. Arboix A, Garcia-Eroles L, Oliveres M, Targa C, Balcells M, Massons J. Pretreatment with statins improves early outcome in patients with first-ever ischaemic stroke: a pleiotropic effect of statins or a beneficial effect of hypercholesterolemia? BMC Neurol 2010; 10(1): 47.
14. Kumar Sampath, Sujeetha Purushothaman, Papitha Ponnaiya, Keerthi Kishor, Vijaya Anand. Role of Atorvastatin on Endothelial Cells and Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Cardiovascular Disease. J Appl Pharmaceutical Scie 2016; 6(06): 151-54.
15. Moazzami K, Emamzadeh Fard S, Shabani M. Anticonvulsive effect of atorvastatin on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice: the role of nitric oxide pathway. Fundam Clin Pharmaco 2013; 27(4): 92-387.
16. Bradley SA, Steinert JR. Characterisation and comparison of temporal release profiles of nitric oxide generating donors. J Neuroscience Methods, 2015; 245: 116-24.
17. Palomares-Castilloa E, Hernandez-Péreza OR, Pérez- Carreraa D, Crespo-Ramreza M, Fuxeb K, Pérez dela Moraa M. The intercalated paracapsular islands as a module for integration of signals regulating anxiety in the amygdala. Brain Res, 2012; 1476: 211-34.
18. 18- Navabi P. The effects of zinc administration and its interaction with dexamethasone on anxiety like and depressive behavior levels in adult male rats[dissertation] Ahvaz (khuzestan). Shahid Chamran Univ 2011.
19. 19- Giltay EJ, Enter D, Zitman FG, Penninx BWJH, Pelt JV, Spinhoven PH, et al. Associations with depression, anxiety disorders, and antidepressant use in a large cohort study. J Psychosom Res 2012; 72(3): 205-13.
20. 20- Bakhtiari Negar Kayedi, Hooman Eshagh Harooni, Ahmad Ali Moazedi, Mohammad Mohammadi, Effect of zinc chloride on anxiety and its interaction with the androgenic system in adult male rats. Physio Pharmaco 2014; 18(2): 249-58.
21. 21- Janhunen S, Ahtee L. Differential nicotinic regulation of the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways: implications for drug development. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Rev 2007; 31(3): 287-314.
22. 22- Hasler G. Pathophysiology of depression: do we have any solid evidence of interest to clinicians? World Psychiatry 2010; 9(3): 155-61.
23. 23- Northoff1 Georg, Etienne Sibille. Cortical GABA neurons and self-focus in depression: a model linking cellular, biochemical, and neural network findings. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19(9): 959.
24. 24- Sequeira A, Mamdani F, Ernst C, Vawter MP, Bunney WE, Lebel V, et al. Global brain gene expression analysis links glutamatergic and GABAergic alterations to suicide and major depression. PLoS ONE 2009; 4(8): e6585.
26. 25- Poulter MO, Du L, Zhurov V, Palkovits M, Faludi G, Merali Z, et al. Altered Organization of GABA(A) Receptor mRNA Expression in the Depressed Suicide Brain. Front Mol Neurosci 2010; 29(3): 3.
27. 26- Rajkowska G, O'Dwyer G, Teleki Z, Stockmeier CA, Miguel-Hidalgo JJ. GABAergic neurons immunoreactive for calcium binding proteins are reduced in the prefrontal cortex in major depression. Neuropsychopharmaco 2007; 32(2): 471-82.
28. 27- Mombereau C, Kaupmann K, Gassmann M, Bettler B, van der Putten H, Cryan JF. Altered anxiety and depression-related behaviour in mice lacking GABAB(2) receptor subunits. Neuroreport 2005; 16(3): 307-10.
29. 28- Sabogal ngélica María, César Augusto Arango, Gloria Patricia Cardona, Ángel Enrique Céspedes. Atorvastatin protects GABAergic and dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal system in an experimental rat model of transient focal cerebral ischemia. Biomédica 2014; 34(2): 207-17.
30. 29- Meneses A, Perez-Garcia G, Ponce-Lopez T, Tellez R, Cas-tillo C. Serotonin transporter and memory. Neuropharmaco 2011; 61)3(: 355-63.
31. 30- Kalbitzer Jan, The Serotonin Transporter and Behavior Gene Environment Interactions. Univ Copenhagen, 2009.
32. 31- Rezaie A, Jafari B, Jalilzadeh HM. Study o f sedative, preanaesthetic and anxiolytic effects of herbal extract of Lavandula stoechas in comparison with diazepam in rat. Veterinary J Tabriz 2010; 4(3): 899-905.
33. 32- Bhagwagar Z, Wylezinska M, Taylor M, Jezzard P, Matthews PM, Cowen PJ. Increased brain GABA concentrations following acute administration of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. 2004; 161(2): 368-70.
36. 33- Malki K, Lourdusamy A, Binder E, Payá-Cano J, Sluyter F, Craig I, et al. Antidepressant-dependent mRNA changes in mouse associated with hippocampal neurogenesis in a mouse model of depression.Pharmacogenet. Genom 2012; 22(11): 765-76.
37. 34- Renard GM, Suarez MM, Levin GM, et al. Sex difference in rats: effects of chronic stress on sympathetic system and anxiety. Physiol Behav 2005; 85(3): 363-69.
38. 35- Comeron OG, Abotson JL, Young EA. Anxious and depressive disorders and their co morbidity: effect on central nervous system and noradrenergic function. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 56(11): 875-83.
39. 36- Moret C, Briley M, The importance of norepinephrine in depression. 2011; 7(1): 9-13.
40. 37- Kandasamy K, Prawez S, Choudhury S, More AS, Ahanger AA, Singh TU, et al. Atorvastatin prevents vascular hyporeactivity to norepinephrine in sepsis: role of nitric oxide and α₁-adrenoceptor mRNA expression, 2011; 36(1): 76-82.
41. 38- Sabogal Angélica María, César Augusto Arango, Gloria Patricia Cardona, Ángel Enrique Céspedes. Atorvastatin protects GABAergic and dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal system in an experimental rat model of transient focal cerebral ischemia. Biomédica 2014; 34(2): 207-17.
42. 39- Bandyopadhyay D. Study on exploration of effect of voltage gated calcium channel blockers on the anti-depressant action of imipramine and alprazolam. J Drug Deliv Ther 2013; 3(2): 239-42.
43. 40- Aburawi S, Al-Tubuly R, Alghzewi E, Gorash Z. Effects of calcium channel blockers on antidepressant action of Alprazolam and Imipramine. Libyan J Med 2007; 2(4): 169-75.
44. 41- Kwang Kon Koh, MD, Michael J. Quon, MD. Additive Beneficial Effects of Fenofibrate Combined
45. With Atorvastatin in the Treatment of Combined Hyperlipidemia. J American College Cardio 2005; 45(10): 1649-53.

Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.