20 2228-5741 Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences 5805 Cardiovascular Review of Genetic Changes and Factors Causing Cardiac Arrhythmias Khatami Mehri b Heidari Mohammad Mehdi c Mazrouei Bahareh d Aflaki Rojin e b Department of Biology, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. c Department of Biology, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. d Department of Biology, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. e Department of Biology, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. 1 2 2023 30 11 6052 6076 25 07 2022 13 11 2022 Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are currently the leading cause of death in the world. Arrhythmias are one of the most common cardiovascular diseases. In arrhythmia, the heartbeat becomes slow, fast, or irregular, which affects the efficiency of the heart, and in this case, the heart may not have enough ability to pump blood. Cardiac arrhythmias are the leading causes of sudden cardiac death in young people, affecting even patients with anatomically normal hearts. Arrhythmia syndromes are ion channel diseases that lead to abnormal electrical properties of the heart. This article examined the genetic causes affecting all types of cardiac arrhythmias. A detailed search was performed on Google Scholar and PubMed to identify research articles related to arrhythmia genetics. All duplicate articles based on the title and articles published before the year 2000 were removed during the screening. Finally, after several rounds of content review of the articles, 50 research articles were selected for this study. Conclusion: It has been found that mutations cause arrhythmias in nuclear genes encoding membrane channels in heart muscle cells. However, the causes of some cases of arrhythmia are unclear and the possibility of multifactorial of these cardiac disorders is raised. The importance of this type of review article, while revealing the relationship between gene loci and types of arrhythmogenic syndromes, is to provide a molecular basis that can provide researchers with new diagnostic methods in addition to echocardiogram.  
5626 Dental Frequency of Periapical and Bitewing Radiographic Errors in Faculty of Dentistry Shahid Sadoughi University of Yazd during 2016-2017 Entezar-e- Ghaem Mahjoube f Zare Pour Malihe g Shafie Rad Elahe h Razavi Hosein i Lesani Katayoun j f Radiologyst Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. g Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. h Radiologyst Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. i Radiologyst Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. j Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. 1 2 2023 30 11 6077 6085 10 12 2021 02 01 2022 Introduction: Reduction the error intraoral radiographic image is very important for accurate diagnosis of dental diseases and reduces the patient and clinician dose. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of intraoral radiographic errors made by students of Shahid Sadoughi Faculty of Dentistry in Yazd City. Methods: In this descriptive-cross-sectional study, 1900 samples of periapical radiographs were taken using digital periapical bisect angle method and bite-wing radiographs were evaluated. Patients referred to Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Department of Yazd Dental School in 2018-2019 were evaluated by simple sampling method. During 4 months, the researcher examined 25 radiographic images for cone cut errors, horizontal and vertical angles, and incorrect film placement. Also, if the radiography was repeated, the number and reason were also recorded. The recorded data were entered into SPSS version 16 software and the prevalence of each error was reported. Results: The errors in this study included incorrect film placement (32.4%), incorrect horizontal angle (28.2%), incorrect vertical angle (24.6%), cone cut (23.9%) and radiographic repetition rate (33%). In periapical radiograph, the frequency of errors was observed in maxilla (54.6%), mandible (45.4%), anterior (22.5%) and posterior (77.5%). The frequency of errors in bite-wing radiograph was estimated to be lower than periapical. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained in the study population, the most common error included incorrect placement and wrong horizontal angle, which were led to the most repeated radiographs and observed mostly posterior of maxilla, which emphasizes the need for further training to correct the errors.   5702 Psychiatry Epidemiology of Psychiatric Disorders and the Relevant Comorbidities in Children and Adolescents in Yazd Province in 2016 Ahmadi Nastaran k Mohammadi Mohammad Reza l Sadr Bafghi Seyed Mahmood m Yassini Ardekani Seyed Mojtaba n Mirzaei Masoud o Hooshyari Zahra p Alavi Seyed Salman Rismanian Yazdi Fatemeh Zahedifard Mahla Araghi Seyed Mohsen Mehrparvar Amir Houshang k Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. l Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. m Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. n Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. o Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. p Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Yazd University, Iran. Department of Psychology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Department of Psychology, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran. Department of Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. 1 2 2023 30 11 6086 6096 14 03 2022 19 06 2022 Introduction: Due to significant social, economic, cultural, and lifestyle changes in Iran during past decades and the relationship among the unstable social and economic status and mental complications the study of psychiatric disorders has become important and necessary, the aim of this study was epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. Methods: A total of 1035 children aged 6-18 years from Yazd Province, Iran were enrolled in this cross-sectional study in 2017 using a multistage cluster sampling method. Data were collected using the following inventories for school-age children (6-18 years): Kiddie-SADS-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SAD-SPL). Logistic regression and SPSS version 16 software were used for data analysis. Results: 44.1% of participants were boys and 55.9% were girls. The mean age of the participants was 11.3±3.9 years. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents was 35.5%. Meanwhile, anxiety disorders had the highest prevalence rate (22.2%) and among anxiety disorders, separation anxiety disorder (8.7%) and generalized anxiety (8.6%) were the most prevalent. There was a significant difference in all psychiatric disorders based on gender, more evident in the high rate of obsessive-compulsive disorder, enuresis, tic, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, hyperactivity, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, smoking disorder, and epilepsy were more evident in boys (P-value < 0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence rate of psychiatric disorders in young population of Yazd Province is relatively high and because of its impact on individuals' social and personal function, it could have substantial implications for mental health services.   5800 Dental Evaluation of Demographic Characteristics and Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth Index in Adults Referred to Yazd Dental School in 2021 Davari Abdolrahim Khabbazian Arezo Baghestani Seyed Abolghasem Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. School of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. 1 2 2023 30 11 6097 6106 21 07 2022 14 11 2022 Introduction: Oral health assessment plays an important role in determining the health status and health planning of communities. The most important indicator that indicates the oral health status of individuals is the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index. The present study was conducted to investigate the demographic characteristics and DMFT Index in adults referred to Yazd Dental School in Yazd, Iran in 2021. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 500 adult patients in the age group of 18 to 65 years were studied. 343 (68.6%) of the samples were female and 157 (31.4%) were male. The patients completed a questionnaire, including their demographic characteristics and socio-economic status. DMFT index was also recorded in the study questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS17 statistical software and Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and Tukey statistical tests. Results: The mean total DMFT index was 9.7± 5.1. There was a statistically significant difference in the mean DMFT index by age (P = 0.017), level of education (P = 0.000), occupation (P = 0.001) and number of family members ( P= 0.007), however, no statistically significant difference was observed in the mean DMFT index according to gender, place of residence, and monthly income of participants (P <0.05). Conclusion: The mean DMFT index is influenced by demographic characteristics. Older age, more family members, higher education level and better position jobs had the greatest impact on the mean DMFT index.   5462 Anesthesia Clinical Trial of Intraperitoneal Administration of Ketamine Combined with Bupivacaine on Pain Status after Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Ziaei Parvin Kargar Saeed Dehghan Mohammad Hossein Madadizadeh Farzan Jamshidi Hamid Reza Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Paramedicine, Shahid Sadougi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Paramedicine, Shahid Sadougi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadougi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran 1 2 2023 30 11 6107 6117 25 05 2021 25 07 2021 Introduction: One of the most important problems that the patient faces after laparoscopic surgery is pain that is felt in the shoulders, back and abdomen. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of the combination of bupivacaine and ketamine and its intraperitoneal injection on reducing shoulder pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: This was a double-blind randomized study that included 90 patients undergoing elective surgery for laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the age group of 18-65 years and of both sexes. After removal of the gallbladder, 20 cc of solution was injected intraperitoneally at the surgical site. Patients were randomly assigned to three groups receiving 10 cc 0.5% bupivacaine + 0.5cc ketamine, the second group received 10 cc of %0.5 bupivacaine and 10 cc normal saline, the third group (control) received 20 cc of normal saline intraperitoneally.  The findings were analyzed using SPSS version 16 software and repeated measurement analysis of variance and Bonferroni's pairwise comparison test. Results: Analysis of variance showed that the mean pain scores were significantly different over time in each group (P<0.001). (P<0.001). Bonferroni paired comparison test showed that the lowest amount of pain was in the first group (p<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, intraperitoneal injection of ketamine combined with bupivacaine significantly (p<0.001) reduces pain up to 8 hours after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.   4426 Dental Comparison of Calcium Enriched Material Cement and Mineral Trioxide Aggregated Radiopacity with 3 Endodontic Sealers in Digital Periapical Radiography Tabrizizade Mehdi Tavakoli Ehsan Davarpanah Malihe School of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Department of Radiology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Dentist 1 2 2023 30 11 6118 6125 26 12 2017 25 02 2018 Introduction: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the radiopacity of calcium enriched material cement and mineral trioxide aggregated fillapex with 3 types of sealers: Endoseal, and AH26 at different focal distances of 15 cm and 30 cm. Methods: The research method was an experimental and lab trial. In this research, 3 endodontic sealers: Pulpdent, Endoseal, and AH26 and two root filling material: mineral trioxide aggregated fillapex and calcium enriched material cement were studied. From each material 6 samples were prepared. The samples were prepared on a glass slab by stirring with the help of a spatula and placed in molds with dimensions of 1 x 5 x 5 mm. Radiographs were prepared with the PSP Fire CR digital sensor system at a distance of 15 and 30 cm from the samples. Radio opacity information obtained was interpreted by Quantor Dent for Windows software.  The obtained results were analyzed by SPSS version 16 statistical software and Two-way ANOVA and Tukey test. Results: The results showed that AH26 had the highest optical density value and calcium enriched material cement had the lower radiopacity. There was a significant difference between the radiopacity value of the 5 studied materials (P<0.05). Conclusion: All the studied materials had the minimal standard of radiopacity.   4866 Exercise Physiology Investigating the effect of Resistance Training on the Axis / IGF-1 PI3K in Skeletal Muscle and Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetic Rats Nadi Mahdi Banaifar Abdolali Arshadi Sajjad Eizadi Mojtaba Department of Sports Physiology, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran. Department of Sports Physiology, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran. Department of Sports Physiology, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran. Department of Sports Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Saveh, Iran. 1 2 2023 30 11 6126 6135 13 04 2019 23 07 2019 Introduction: IGF-1 is a polypeptide hormone that plays a vital role in the development and regeneration of skeletal muscles. IGF-1 activates anabolic pathways such as PI3K and IRS-1/2 to activate a series of intracellular anabolic signals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks resistance training on IGF1, PI3K and insulin sensitivity in neural muscle in type 2 diabetic rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 14 male Wistar mice aged 8 to 10 weeks and induction of type 2 diabetes (type 2 diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of nicotinamide and STZ in diabetic groups) and were divided into two groups of resistance training and control groups. The mice in the control group did not exercise during the study, while the resistance group performed 8 weeks of training for 5 sessions per week. Resistance exercises in each session were performed in the form of 10 repetitions with 90-second rest intervals in the form of climbing a 26-step ladder to a height of one meter with a vertical slope of 85%, and weight was applied to the base of the rat's tail. 48 hours after the last training session, blood samples were taken from the heart and neural muscle tissue was extracted. Real Time-PCR method was used to determine the genes and one-way ANOVA test was used to compare the variables. All statistical studies were done using SPSS version 16 software. Results: The results of this study showed that expression of IGF-1 and PI3K in the duodenal axis of diabetic rats in resistance training group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P = 0.001) (P = 0.11). Serum insulin sensitivity in diabetic rats was not significantly different in diabetic rats compared to the diabetic rats (P=0.778). Conclusion: It seems that eight weeks of resistance training can be a strong stimulus on IGF-1 and PI3K gene expression and no change in insulin sensitivity in neural muscle in type 2 diabetic rats.   5416 Exercise Physiology Comparison of the Prevalence of COVID-19 in Female Students based on Body Mass Index and Waist–Hip Ratio Atashgahian Rahil Kashef Majid Faculty of Physical Education, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran. Faculty of Physical Education, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran. 1 2 2023 30 11 6136 6146 06 04 2021 28 06 2021 Introduction: COVID19 is an acute respiratory syndrome that affects the immune system. Obesity can increase the risk of developing this disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of COVID-19 in female students based on their body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio (WHR). Methods: 700 girl students aged 15-18 years in Neyshabur City, Iran were selected by simple random sampling and divided into two groups: the healthy (n=519) and Corona (n=181). The results were analyzed using non-parametric statistical tests of Mann-Whitney U Test, Spearman correlation coefficient and two-point string test at a significance level of p≥0.05. Results: In the healthy group, the mean of BMI was 21.09±3.4, WHR 0.77±0.07, and age 16.53±1 years and in the Corona group, the mean of BMI was 22.32±4.11, WHR 0.77±0.06 and age was 16.80±0.89 years, respectively. The results of the Mann-Whitney U test in the BMI of the two groups were significantly different (P = 0.001). Abdominal obesity was not significant in both groups (P = 0.469). There was a significant positive relationship between BMI and WHR (P = 0.00094). There was a significant relationship between BMI and Corona using the agreement coefficient with the two-point string test (P = 0.001). Also, the results of the Mann-Whitney U test showed that the resting heart rate of the two groups was significantly different (P = 0.026). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that in adolescents, increasing BMI and resting heart rate increases the prevalence of Corona disease and abdominal obesity has no effect on corona virus infection. Therefore, due to the effect of exercise activities on losing weight and resting heart rate, the need to do these activities during quarantine is considered.