20 2228-5741 Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences 5319 Epidemiology Facemask Risks during the COVID-19 Crisis Khashei Varnamkhasti Khalil b Alipour Marzieh c b Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Islamic Azad, Kazerun, Iran. c Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Islamic Azad, Kazerun, Iran. 1 3 2021 29 1 3351 3354 24 12 2020 30 03 2021 Introduction: With the increasing severity of the COVID-19 epidemic, wearing a mask was recommended. This recommendation seems to have created concern among the public. Wearing a mask generally reduces the risk of virus and therefore potentially saves lives. In healthy populations, wearing a mask does not appear to cause any harmful physiological changes, and the potentially life-saving benefits of wearing face masks seem to outweigh the discomforts.
5210 Surgery A Review of the Occurrence and Mechanisms of Induction of Osteoporosis Following Spinal Cord Injury Barzegar-Bafrouei Abolfazl d Javdani Moosa e d Doctor of Veterinary Medicine Student, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran. e Department of Clinical Sciences, Surgery Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran. 1 3 2021 29 1 3355 3374 22 08 2020 16 11 2020 Introduction: Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes devastating injuries in patients. The main mechanisms of the pathogenesis of secondary injury include nerve degeneration, gliosis, and inflammation. Spinal cord injury induces a disorder or failure in several organs due to the vital role of the spinal cord in regulating bodily functions. Osteoporosis is a consequence of spinal cord injury that occurs in the vast majority of patients with spinal cord injury. Articles on the related topic were searched in the following databases: Science Direct, Scopus, Springer Science, PubMed and Google scholar to have been used in writing from this review article. A total of 120 related research papers, including quantitatve and qualitative researches in English, from the last 57 years papers (1962- 2019) were included in this study. The review article is written according to 120 articles and the keywords “Spinal cord injury, Osteoporosis, Inflammation, Osteoblast and Osteoclast”. Conclusion: Although weight loss is an important factor in the development of osteoporosis following SCI, inflammation, nerve damage, and hormonal changes also contribute to this process. Hormonal changes mediated by SCI may contribute to postoperative osteoporosis with several mechanisms. These mechanisms included: increased renal excretion and decreased intestinal absorption of calcium, consequently, a negative balance of calcium ions; Vitamin D deficiency; impair the function of the gonads and inhibits the osteoanabolic (ossification) activity of sex steroids; elevated blood leptin; Pituitary suppression of parathyroid hormone, and bone loss following SCI may (at least in part) be caused directly by insulin resistance and insulin-like growth factor. 5059 Dental Evaluation of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Parents Referred to Dental Clinics toward Importance of the Primary Teeth and Space Maintaining of them in City of Yazd in 2018 Halvani Niloofar f Bahrololoomi Zahra g Moradi Omran Mohammad h Zarebidaki Zahra i f Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. g Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. h Dentist, Yazd, Iran. i School of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. 1 3 2021 29 1 3375 3388 17 01 2020 30 03 2021 Introduction: Having regular permanent teeth is maintaining the regularity of the primary teeth. Parents play an important role in maintaining their teeth. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate of knowledge, attitude and performance of parents referred to dental clinics toward importance of the primary teeth and space maintaining of them in Yazd City in 2018. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 200 parents of children under 12 years of age, referred to dental clinics of selected for this research. Data were collected using a valid and reliable questionnaire that containing 38 questions in 4 scores. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 16 and t-test, ANOVA, Post HOC and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: In this study, 200 parents of children under 12 years of age, 64 fathers (32%) and 136 mothers (68%) completed the research questionnaire. In this study, the mean score of parental knowledge was 13.5 ± 3.92 out of 40 points, the mean score of parental attitude was 38.99 ± 6.54 out of 80 points, the mean of parental performance was 9.26 ± 1.48 out of 20 points, and the mean score parental performance in the case of space maintaining was 12.58 ± 2. 08 out of 28 points. we understand parents had low knowledge, low attitude and poor performance regarding the importance of primary teeth and maintaining their space. Conclusion: Training parents about the importance of care of primary teeth, should be performed by dentist in health center. 5235 other Relationship between Tooth Loss and Physical Activity, Dietary Habits and Smoking in Residents of Yazd City (YaHS Study) Hatami Mahnaz j Mirzaei Masoud k Saeed Nasim l j Department of Prosthodontics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran k Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. l dental School, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. 1 3 2021 29 1 3389 3403 26 09 2020 19 12 2020 Introduction: Tooth loss is debilitating and affects the quality of life. This problem has multiple etiologies like microorganisms, physical activity, nutrition and smoking. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between tooth loss and physical activity, dietary habits and smoking in adults of Yazd City. Methods: This descriptive cross sectional study was conducted using the information of registration phase of the Yazd People's Health Study on 9966 residents in the age group of 20 to 70 years between 2014 and 2015. The data were obtained using standard questionnaires. Frequency and relationship between the variables were analyzed using SPSS 23 statistical software with descriptive and Chi-square statistical test. Results: The data of 4949 (49.9%) men and 5017 (50.6%) women were analyzed in this study. 23.3% of population had lost 9 teeth and more. There was a statistically significant relationship between tooth loss and age, physical activity, dietary habits and smoking (P ≤ 0.0001). However, there was no statistically significant relationship between tooth loss and gender (P = 0.84). Conclusion: Considering the limitations of this study, resulted that aging, poor dietary habits, lack of physical activity and smoking related with tooth loss, but there is no relationship with gender. 4840 other Assessment the Adherence of Radiologists to the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TIRADS) Zarei Fariba m Sasani Mohammad Reza n Zeinali Rafsanjani Banafsheh o Saeedi Moghadam Mahdi p m Medical Imaging Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. n Medical Imaging Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran o Medical Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. p Medical Imaging Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 1 3 2021 29 1 3404 3411 03 03 2019 30 03 2021 Introduction: Thyroid nodules are the most common findings among adults. Usually, Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB) can be used to distinguish the malignant and benign lesions. Application of a non-invasive method for determining the chance of malignancy in a nodule is desirable. Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TIRADS) was introduced to decrease the unnecessary FNABs and to optimize the management of these patients. The objective of this study was to assess the adherence of radiologist’s reports to TIRADS, after 10 years from the introduction of this system to radiologists in Fars Province. Methods: In this retrospective study, sonography report of the patients, who were referred to hospital for FNAB was assessed. If the patients did not have the previous sonography reports or the report was unreadable, they would be excluded from the study. Composition, echogenicity, shape, size, and margin were assessed and scored in this study. As the reports noted to each of the above-mentioned issues, score 1 was assigned to them. SPSS version 15 was used to analyze the data and calculated the standard deviation. Results: Sonography reports of 111 out of 250 patients was evaluated. The mean score of sonography reports from 5 was 2.63±0.86. The percentage of adherence of sonography reports to the expression of the first five categories was 52.61±17.25 %. Echogenic foci were also evaluated in the patients that it existed. The radiologists were reported them in almost 81% of cases. Conclusion: Overall adherence of sonographic report to TIRADS was 57.34%. The adherence can be definitely improved by training the radiologists. 5178 Dental A Comparative Study of Candida Species and Colonization in Whole Saliva of Controlled and Uncontrolled Diabetic Patients with Fasting Blood Sugar Owlia fatemeh Jafari Abbas-Ali Ahadian Hakimeh Khalilzadeh Saeed Hossein Hajimir Fatemeh Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Social Determinants of Oral Health Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran. Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, School of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran. Diabetes Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Yazd, Iran. DDS, Private Practice, Yazd, Iran. 1 3 2021 29 1 3412 3419 02 07 2020 30 03 2021 Introduction: Diabetes is the most common metabolic disease, which can cause different effects on oral mucosa. Oral candidiasis is one of the most common lesions, particularly in un-controlled diabetic patients. The purpose of this study was evaluation of relationship between Candida colony counts of whole saliva and fasting blood sugar level and determination of candida species in un-controlled and controlled diabetic patients. Methods: This analytical case-control study was conducted on ninety diabetic patients, consisted of 45 patients with uncontrolled diabetes (HBA1C>7) and 45 patients with controlled diabetes (HBA1C<7). Demographic data and history of systemic disease were evaluated. The whole saliva samples were collected by spitting method and cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) and chromogenic agar for determining oral candida spices and colonization. Data were analyzed using SPSS16 and statistical T-test, chi-square and Pearson correlation tests. Results: Data analysis showed statistically significant higher positive candidal growth in uncontrolled group when compared to controlled group. C. albicans was the most common isolated Candida species in both groups. Significant positive correlation of CFU/ml with fasting blood sugar level in both groups was not seen. Conclusion: In spite of higher rate of candida colonization in uncontrolled diabetic patients, there is no significant relation with fasting blood sugar level. 4819 other Analysis of the Effects of Hyperthermia with Magnetic Nanoparticles on Cancer Tissues Naghd Abadi Fatemeh Vahidi Bahman Department of Life Science Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Department of Life Science Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 1 3 2021 29 1 3420 3437 08 02 2019 30 03 2021 Introduction: Hyperthermia is one of the noninvasive methods of treating cancer. In this method, heat can be generated in several methods. One of these methods is injecting magnetic nanoparticles as a solution into the tumor site and place it in a magnetic field. Methods: The study was analytical one, modeling was performed using computational methods, and in vitro experimental data were used as the boundary conditions. The problem was solved with a geometry consisting of different layers of skin, adjacent tissue, tumor and injection site and assuming axial symmetry. The problem was solved with a geometry consisting of different layers of skin, the adjacent tissue, the tumor and the injection site and assuming axial symmetry. The effect of different injection sites, effect of performing two injections with a smaller volume comparing with an injection with a large volume, and finally the effect of the injected solution on the temperature distribution of the tumor was investigated. Results: Results showed that injections with a smaller volume of solution in different sites would have better results, so that more parts of the tumor would reach to a temperature above 42°c, which is the temperature needed for having cancer cells died. Injection with the temperature of 37°c would be more effective than injection at room temperature and reached the desired temperature in less time. Conclusion: According to the novelty of this investigation in assuming data from empirical experiments on the solution containing cobalt ferrite nanoparticles coated with polyethylene glycol as the boundary condition of the problem in modeling, the study is an important step in a more precise prediction of the clinical conditions occurring through using these methods of hyperthermia. 5122 Epidemiology Prevalence and Incidence of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) in Guilan Province Hosseininezhad Mozaffar Saadat Sajjad Bakhshipour Houra Nasiri Paria Neurosciences Research Center, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Neurosciences Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Neurosciences Research Center, School of Medicine, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran Neurosciences Research Center, School of Medicine, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran 1 3 2021 29 1 3438 3447 16 04 2020 30 03 2021 Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and incidence of multiple sclerosis (MS) in Guilan Province) and to compare the standardized prevalence by the factor of age in this province. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional design that was conducted in 2018 at the Guilan MS Society (GMSS) on people with multiple sclerosis and examined the 654 people with multiple sclerosis case. In this study, the trend of MS disease was examined from 2009 to 2019 and in order to investigate the rate of cumulative incidence of the disease, new cases were defined based on the date of diagnosis of the disease from the beginning of 2018. Data collection was performed using a checklist that was collected during the GMSS registration by a registrar in the form of a structured interview. Prevalence rate was compared between different subgroups using Chi-Square and Fisher's exact tests. Field characteristics were described by using absolute and relative frequency indices or mean and standard deviation using Stata 13 and SPSS 19 statistical software. Results: The results showed that 71.4% of all patients were female. The mean age of the patients was 36.5 years and the highest frequency of MS was observed in the age group of 30-40. The MS patients lived in the urban were 81%. The highest initial manifestations of people with multiple sclerosis were reported in numbness or tingling, vision problems, weakness, other symptoms, and walking (Gait) difficulties, respectively. The highest prevalence of MS was in Lahijan and then Rasht and Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh citie. Conclusion: From the results of this study, it is concluded that there is no significant difference between the prevalence rate in Guilan Province and the standardized rate with the age adjustment based on the WHO standard population, although no analytical comparison has been performed in this study.